Marketing Paper Final Exam Essay Example for Free

Marketing Paper Final Exam EssayFinal Paper Marketing encompasses the complex roll of every stage of a product, from conception to the final sale and everything in between. Marketers are challenged with identifying the consumers needs/wants and managing the process to meet those needs. Every product a trafficker develops goes through four stages in its animateness, The Product Life Cycle. Each stage of the product keep cycle (Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline) have unique characteristics that a marketer faces as they create utility and try to maintain or grow their market share. Through each stage advertising is critical and marketers try to inform, persuade and actuate consumers about their product. The difference is the approach and focus of the advertising. Every product that comes to market enters into the Introduction Stage. This is the stage where consumers are first introduced to the product. During the introductory stage of the product emotional state cycl e, a firm works to stimulate demand for the newly market entry. (Boone Kurtz, 2006, p. 371) A marketer must connect with consumers to create a market for the new product. Every year hundreds of new products enter the introductory stage.Currently a product that is just beginning to take hold is high-definition televisions (HDTVs). HDTVs broadcast pictures with increased lucidness and give the viewer (consumer) options on camera angles and additional information. Currently, Yankee Group estimates that 15 percent of American households now own (a HDTV), with Forrester estimating 10 percent at most. (Crawford, 2005) During the introductory stage, marketers are exhausting to introduce the product to consumers. One of the bureaus marketers succeed is in offering promotions or discounts to distributors to get the product in the marketplace. well-nigh of the advertising focuses on informing the public about the new product. While information is key, advertisers also try to persuade c onsumers to purchase the product and very much multiplication remind consumers where they can find the product. The Introductory stage is where all products start. It is in this early stage that products are pour downd based on consumer and distribution feedback. practically times the bes of marketers are minimal in the introductory stage as the market is being developed. As a product finds its market and begins to understand acceptance, it moves into the Growth Stage of the product life cycle.The growth stage is where a product sees its sales volumes increase dramatically. At this stage in the products life, new customers make initial purchases and early buyers repurchase. (Boone Kurtz, 2006, p. 372) Early marketers find increased competition as their competitors enter the product situation to share in the gain. artificial satellite television has entered into the growth market with the advent of the small dish. Early satellite television was mainly limited to rural areas that were inaccessible to cable television. The dishes were large and unattractive.As the technology has advances and the satellite dish has shrunk to less then twenty-four inches, consumers have rushed to the alternative to cable television. Satellite television marketers are continuing to refine their product in this growth stage. Recently, the top two providers of satellite television signed deals to provide affordable high-speed internet service. For satellite-TV providers, the service is another way to offer a full line of products. (AP, 2006) The growth stage is where marketers move from a heavy focus on information in advertising to a more persuasive approach.The persuasive approach allows the marketers to differentiate from competitors and encourage individuals to not be left behind. If the product space attracts multiple marketers, pricing, features and other differentiators are employ in the advertising to help marketers gain or maintain market share. The Growth Stage of the product life cycle is complex and changing. Marketers rely on word-of-mouth, mass advertising and falling prices to sustain the momentum and interest in the product. The goal of the growth stage is to get reluctant buyers to buy and current customers to repurchase.As a product matures and growth stabilizes, the product moves in the Maturity Stage. Sales start to plateau and supply exceeds demand for the first time in the products life cycle. Competing marketers have flooded the field and winnings begin to become depressed. All of these factors create pressure on marketers to continue their brands sustainability. Carbonated soft drinks are a very mature product. According to the American Beverage Association (ABA) the beginnings of the modern soda started in the 1830s. (ABA, 2006) The ABA estimates that there are over 450 brands in the product space.The number of brands creates fierce competition for Americans 65 billion in annual purchases. Adverting in the mature stage of a products life is all about increasing purchases, differentiating your brand and finding new uses or markets for the product. In the soft drink space marketers try celebrity endorsements and product differentiation. 7-UP is the un-cola, trying to draw its distinction among more popular cola brands. Whatever approach the marketer takes in advertising, the goal is to extend the maturity stage and maintain profits for as long as possible.A product in the mature stage of the product life cycle does not indicate imminent demise. As illustrated above, soft drinks continue to command consumers dollars. Marketers will often look to new markets and changes in the product to extend the life of the product. One of the largest struggles for mature products is maintaining profits as competition drives down prices. As the product leaves maturity it enters the Decline Stage in the Product life cycle. A products decline is most often linked to new technologies. Marketers focus on reminding the be customers in the market that they are there for the consumers needs.Sales decline, profits decline and the product space eventually looses money. VCRs are a product on the decline in the United States. With the advance of DVDs and the reduction in price of DVRs, VCRs are loosing shelf space and market share. Marketers often times search for new markets as products decline in their existing markets. So while the United States and Europe may handing over to a new technology, emerging economies may embrace the older and cheaper technology, thus extending the products life. Advertising a product in the stage of decline focuses on reminding the remaining consumer base the product still exists.

Rules About School Essay Example for Free

Rules About School EssayStudents tend to break the rules once in awhile that that is be safari of peer pressure or rebellion against or with some adept else. Teenagers explore and do things others wouldnt do to look cool or to prove something that they could do something with their life, or to look superior to someone else. hypothecate a smart and decent student could do inappropriate behavior just to prove they are fit in that society and to not be called names like nerd or loser, thats how rules are made in school. But I think that we have a teeny-weeny too much of that. Imagine having fewer rules it would be knowledgeable only if it could help students and help the school, having a lot of rules tend to put stress on students that they want to break out of it and just do whatever they want. With slight school rules, student would be in school more often, they have the play to freely do things they could do, less stress for the students and for the teachers, meaning teac hers would have an easier product line because bad students wouldnt be so bad anymore because they have less stress on their mind and now they could pay attention and pass grades.Rules that are forced by the securities and faculty ply are sometimes aberration and stressing the students involved in such activities. These activities affect the students mentality and social behavior because of trespass and rebellion that has been formed on a students mind. An example of an activity is sport. When someone is a student athlete they tend to stay after school and hang out for awhile in the lead a game or a practice start, merely some securities have a rule that you cant stay after school that long and you would have to go home right away, for a student athlete to go home would be a waste of energy and stressing that causes aggression towards the school and the school securities which could resolve to conflict. Another School Rule that students are against is contraband this includes Cell phones, iPods, and dress codes.This rule shouldnt be forced passing and shouldnt be meditaten that seriously by the staff of the school. Technology has been a get off the ground of this generation and without them a student could be devastated and again could cause aggression towards a staff. I know that it is rude for a student to use such things during class, but if they do they face a consequence of helplessness in class due to inattentiveness and no participation, they have the choice to do it or not. And even during recess or lunch securities tend to take peoples andiPods away, they take it too seriously, iPods should not be that bad its called Break Time for students and now music is part of our lives so shouldnt that become an exemption? Then we have our Tardy/Late rule that students break a lot. This rule is good for some parts and bad for some part. The good part of this rule is to teach students to have discipline and be prompt most of the time. But the bad part o f this rule is the consequence or the penalization of it, the punishment is calf duty or ISS(In School Suspension).Which most of the students dislike, if Radford really wants its student to be successful academically it wouldnt be fair to have rules like these ISS is a punishment that makes students to rake leaves, clean the gym, wipe tables on the caf, throw the thrash, and clean the baseball field on a SUNNY day for one whole class or more. I personally do not think that this punishment is fair because students need to go to class and peck, not to learn how to rake and clean, that is why we have custodians that does that for us. Not only that but again this things causes hate and aggression towards the school and with that, a student will not be able to focus on studies and they would cause an outrage or break more rules, It doesnt help the student It makes it worst for them.Caf duty is not so bad because they provide free lunch for student, but some other classes HAVE to do it without doing anything bad, and that causes the class to be pulled back academically, again the custodians could do their job and serve the food to the students. Its a learning environment not a job orientation. Consequences for students are a little bit too much, if the staff thinks that by making these type of consequences would stop the student s to break the rules, I dont think it will because it causes a student to be rebellious and would want to hate the school for making him/her do all the stuff that REGULAR student does not do. School rules are good but it matters on how staff pushes them and how strict they could be. Deviance has its own punishment and it could be being unsuccessful in life or being a outcast in our school society. A person has a choice to do bad things or good, but there are always consequences for our actions.

Social Responsibility And Performance Of Unilever Corporation Environmental Sciences Essay

Social Responsibility And Performance Of Unilever Corporation Environmental Sciences EssayConsumers today be progressively watchful and conscious of social performance undertaken by large corporations on how they conduct their business activities. As we all know, social performance of a corporation is heavily stressed upon and people in frequent have high expectations on of a companys corporate social performance (CSR) (Golob, Lah and Janccaroniccaron 2008). Lets not forget that whenever a business operates, it will somehow study both positive and negative impact towards nightclub. Unilever is an Anglo-Dutch multinational corporation that owns many of the worlds consumer products brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products also faces consequences for their business operation enchantment portraying social performance in the society. This assignment will talk about the Corporate Social Responsibilities of Unilever towards the environment. Corporate socia l Responsibilities are the responsibilities of an organization toward the society to assemble the standard of ethics towards investors, customers, employees, business functionners, local communities, the environment and society at large. (Berkhout 2005)unilever-logo.jpgUnilever is the first Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Company who adopts paper sourcing policy to meet sustainability goals. This means that the company is trying to source all its products, paper and board packaging from a sustainably managed forests or recycled hearty within a clearly age frame. (Anne Marie Mohan 2010) Sustainable paper and board packaging sourcing policy are one of the Unilevers dedications to double the size of the business in the mean time trying to digest the environmental impact. The policy outlines the companys goal to work with its suppliers to source 75% of its paper and board packaging from sustainably managed forests or from recycled clobber by 2015, increasing to 100% by 2020. (Ra z Godelnik 2010) For the companys requirements for paper from virgin sources, preference will be given to supplies delivered through the Forest Stewardship Council certification scheme. Unilever also accept other national schemes under the exemplar of international Forest Management Certification standards, provided they comply with the Policys Implementation Guidelines. The move means the logos of the acceptable forest management certification schemes will become to appear on the packaging of Unilevers portfolio of brands as progress is made toward reaching the target, and in order to increase consumer awareness and promote the expansion of certified forests in the world. As such it is important that Unilever promote sustainable forestry practices and help combat deforestation and climate change through the responsible sourcing of these materials. (Anne Marie Mohan 2010)Another important partition which Unilever practice to protect the environment is the Unilevers piddle approa ch Sustainable water Integrated Catchment Management (SWIM) principles. The SWIM principles is developed with the help of UK sustainability organization forum for the future. Water is vital to all sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing and also mankind ingestion. The SWIM principles include a useful approach to help Unilever and Unilevers partners to make sure that the community water partnerships they engage in are effective and successful. Unilever had adopted four villages along the Brantas River when the Clean Brantas Project was launched in July 2001. Unilever had work corporately with the NGOs and government agencies to improve the sanitation system recycling, tree re kit and caboodleing and environmental awareness. As a issuance of these initiatives, the river now can generates income for the villages through small-scale search farming and cultivation of Java Noni issue crops for export. (Catherine Dowdney n.d)An important part of Unilevers approach to water is ou r Sustainable Water Integrated Catchment Management (SWIM) principles, which were developed with the assistance of the UK sustainability organisation Forum for the Future. These recognise that competing demands for water for agriculture, manufacturing and human consumption and the need to sustain a healthy environment mean that society needs to adopt a more than integrated approach to water management. The SWIM principles incorporate a practical approach to helping Unilever and our partners ensure that the community water partnerships we engage in are effective and successful.As part of the Clean Brantas Project launched in July 2001, Unilever Indonesia has adopted four villages along the Brantas River. The company works in partnership with these communities, a local university, NGOs and government agencies to improve environmental awareness, sanitation systems, down management and recycling, tree planting and housing development along the riverbank. As a result of these initiat ives, the river now generates income for the villages through small-scale fish farming and cultivation of Java Noni fruit crops for export. It is hoped that the Village Adoption Programme will be expanded by other local companies to include more villages along the river. (Catherine Dowdney n.d)A Unilever plant in Ontario, Canada, has an ongoing campaign to improve energy efficiency to help manage rising and unpredictable energy prices. This plant produces margarine and vegetable oils products which require high energy expenditure costs. In order to achieve a 6% reduction of energy consumption per yr the plants energy team has implemented and invest in new technology called a reverse osmosis (RO) system that would enable an improvement in the efficiency of the move plant operations. ((Cost savings and reduced environmental impact through lower energy and water consumption 2009) By converting to the RO system, the plant had consumed 13 million gallons little municipal water and 8% less natural gas. The plant also cut down 240,000 pound volume of chemicals into the sanitary sewer. As a result of consuming fewer chemicals, the environmental impact of producing and transporting them was reduced too. The RO system qualified the plant for a $50,000 incentive grant from the city of Toronto for decreased water consumption and a $14,000 incentive grant from the local gas utility. According to Unilever, the project has lead to the company reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 1.6 million tonnes as wellhead as cutting other greenhouse gases. (Cost savings and reduced environmental impact through lower energy and water consumption 2009)Unilever factories in southeasterly Africa had been starting to divert food waste to make compost used in community and reducing waste direct to landfill. Food-grade waste that was once sent to landfill is now helping fertilize the vegetables and provide an income for poor communities in South Africa. Under project Triple R (reduce, reu se, and recycle) that was launched in 2005, Unilever Foods factories in Pietermaritzburg and Durban (Avenue East and initiation Park) send all their waste food material to municipal composting facilities. Between 2004 and 2006, Pietermaritzburg and Avenue East halved the amount of food waste sent to landfill, cutting waste disposal costs by a third. (Composting waste material for community gardens 2010.)In a separate initiative, Unilever Brazil has committed to recycle laminated packaging material such as toothpaste tubes. It has been working with five small companies to collect and find a use for the material. When food and drink pouches, sachets and toothpaste tubes are manufactured, small amounts of plastic are cut off and discarded. The waste material is combined with laminated consumer waste. It is mixed and ground down before being heated and compressed in special ovens. The material can be shaped in special molds or, once cooled down, cut into different sizes. It is used to make furniture and building materials that can be exchange by the recycling companies involved, generating income and jobs. The first products to be made were roof tiles. Since then, the material has been used to create products such floor tiles, tables and chairs, some of which have been used by Unilever Brazil to equip other community projects. The project depends on a readily available supply of laminate material. Unilever has been encouraging consumers to recycle their laminated waste packaging at the community recycling stations. (Recycling consumer waste 2010)At February 10, 2010 the atomic number 20 Air Resources Board penalize Unilever $1.3 million last month for illegal consumer products sales between 2006 and 2008. Conopco, Unilevers elicit company, sold, supplied and offered for sale in California more than 2.8 million units of deodorant body spray that failed to meet clean air standards for aerosol deodorants. The violations resulted in significant excess emissions f rom volatile organic compounds. These emissions contribute to ground-level ozone, or smog. Exposure to ozone can cause lung inflammation, impaired breathing, coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath and worsening of asthma symptoms. Over 90 percent of Californians still breathe unhealthy air at some time during the year. Conopco cooperated in the investigation and will make two equal payments of $650,000 into the California Air Pollution Control Fund for projects and research to improve Californias air quality. (Dimitri Stanich 2010)Surprise spot checks by the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) lay down that multinational Unilever discharged waste containing banned chemical substances. Unilever s plan in Hefei (Anhui), which manufactures well-known household brands such as Dove, Lux, Kelloggs and Lipton, was fined 150,000 yuan and ordered to save the situation. The pipe suspected of carrying the substandard water was disabled, a chemical oxygen demand (COD) monitor was installed and water treatment facilities have been upgraded. The mainlands rapid industrialisation has been imperativeness on at a huge environmental cost, with up to 70 per cent of its waterways polluted and air quality in its biggest cities among the worlds worst.In March 2001, Greenpeace and Palni Hills conservation Council reported that Hindustan Unilever (HUL), a subsidiary of Unilever, had allowed 7.4 tonnes of mercury contaminated glass waste from their thermometer factory to be dumped on a scrap yard about 3 km away from the factory. The exposure, which spurred 400 area residents as well as members of Greenpeace India to protest at the factory gates, marked the beginning of an ongoing saga of dishonesty and fail cover-up efforts by Unilever. They also warned that contaminated waste had been dumped behind the factory wall onto the slopes leading to Pambar Shola, an important and protected nature sanctuary. The factory was immediately turf out down by the Tami l Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB). Data later provided by the company estimated that over 17 years a natural of 1.3 tonnes of mercury had leaked into the Shola forest, a type of high-altitude stunted evergreen forest peculiar to the Western Ghats of South India. A further 366 kg was estimated to have contaminated the shite on the factory premises. (Indo-Asian News 2003) It is commonly known that as little as 1 gram of mercury deposited annually in a lake can, in the long term, contaminate a lake spread over 25 acres to the extent that fish from the lake are rendered unfit for human consumption. Mercury, which Unilever is accused of handling without victorious environmental or worker safety precautions, is a toxic metal that converts to deadlier forms such as methyl mercury when released into the environment. Mercury accumulates in the liver, kidneys, brain and farm animal and can cause birth defects and serious disorders of the nervous system and kidneys. (Nityanand Jayaram an n.d.)

The Seven Layer Osi Model

The Seven mould Osi ModelSeven- mold OSI pretence is a system of logical bed and developed by the ISO international standardization organization. The purpose of this socio-economic class is to lowstand the contagion of info liquifys from source to destination and to identify problems during entropy transmission. The septenary works include Application, Pre dis throw ination, Session, hold, Nedeucerk, Data colligate and Physical layer. The sequence of layer names to be remembered by this phrase All people seem to need info processing. The following is a oecumenic description of for each one layer. OSI reference fashion model is now being considered as the main model for the inter meshinging and inter computing. The seven layers de plane section the task of selective information transmission in sub tasks and and then complete the data transmission cycle. call into question 1In the 1980s, the European-dominated International Standards Organization (ISO) began to develop its Open Systems Inter marryion (OSI) vaneing suite. OSI has dickens major comp unmatchablents an abstract model of intercommunicateing (the Basic Reference Model, or seven-layer model), and a set of concrete protocols.Briefly relieve each of the seven OSI layer include their function and usage in data communication and meshworking.OSI Reference ModelOSI reference model (Open Systems Interconnection) illustrates how nurture from a softw are exertion on a computer locomotes through a vane medium to a software application on an separate(prenominal) computer. OSI reference model is conceptually divided into 7 layers where each layer has a specific intercommunicate function, as described by figure 1.1 (with no physical media). This model was created based on a proposal made by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as a first step toward international standardization of protocols apply at variant layers. This model is called ISO OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Refe rence Model because this model is int give uped for sharing open administration.1 Open Systems do- nonhing be interpreted as an open system to expire with other systems. For his brief, we will call this model as the OSI model solitary(prenominal) when.Figure 1.1. OSI Reference ModelOSI model has seven layers. The principles use for the seven layers are1. A layer must be made when needed different levels of abstraction.2. Each layer shall view certain functions.3. The function of each layer should be elect carefully in accordance with the provisions of international protocol standards.4. Layer boundaries labored to minimize the flow of information through the interface.5. The add together of layers must be quite a lot, so that different functions do not need to be united in a iodin layer outside needs. However, the number of layers must besides be cultivated as little as possible so that the network architecture does not become difficult to use. below discuss more or less each layer of the OSI model sequentially, starting from the female genital organ layer. It should be noted that the OSI model itself is not network architecture, because this model does not explain the exact services and protocols to be used on whatsoever layer. OSI model only explains about what should be done by a layer. However, ISO has also open up standards for all layers, although these standards do not constitute a reference model itself. Each layer has been declared as a separate international standard.Characteristics of the OSI LayersTo seven layers of OSI reference model back end be divided into two categories, namely upper and lower layers. The top layer of the OSI model deals with application issues and generally enforced only in software. The highest layer (application layer) is the cover prior to the user (users), both users and application layer processes interact with software applications that contain a communication component. The terminal upper layer is some convictions used to refer to some of the top layer of another coating layer in the OSI model. The bottom layer of the OSI model to control data transport issues. Physical layer and data link layer implemented in hardware and software. The layers below the others are generally only implemented in software. The lowest layer, the physical layer is a layer of cover for the physical network medium ( strain networks), and as responsible for the placement of information on the network media.2 The following table shows the separation of the two layers in the layers of the OSI model.Application Application wrap upPre moveationSessionTransport Data Transport Undercoat meshingData LinkPhysicalTable 1.2 Separation of top layer and bottom layer of the OSI model protocolOSI model provides a conceptual framework for communication between computers, but this model is not a method of communication. In fact communication slew occur ascribable to use of communication protocols. In the context of d ata networks, a protocol is a formal rules and agreements that determine how computers exchange information over a network medium. A protocol implements one or more of the layers of the OSI. A wide variation of the communication protocol, but all maintains the flow in one host the local anesthetic area network protocols, pallid protocols, network protocols, and routing protocols. LAN protocols operate at the physical and data link layer of the OSI model and define communication over various LAN media. WAN protocols operate at the third lowest layer of the OSI model and define communication over various WAN. Routing protocol is a network layer protocol that is responsible for determining the road and traffic ar commencements. Finally, the network protocol is different from the upper layer protocols that exist in a serial of protocols.Layers of the OSI ModelPhysical LayerPhysical Layer functions in the delivery of raw bits into the channel of communication. Design issues that must be considered here is to ensure that when one side get aways data 1 bit, the data must be accepted by the other side as a bit too, and not 0 bit. The question that arises in this case is how m each volts should be used to declare a value of 1? And how m either volts is also required for the number 0?. It takes a bit how microsecond will be exhausted? Is the transmission sewer be processed simultaneously in both directions? How many pins are have by the network and what is the use of each pin? In general, design problems are found here related to the mechanical, electrical and procedural interfaces, and physical media which is under the physical layer.Data Link LayerThe main task of the data link layer is as raw data transmission facility and transforms the data to a channel that is free from transmission errors. Before forwarded who work layer, data link layer perform this task by abideing the sender meme cage happy chance input data into a number of data frames (usually number ing in the hundreds or thousands of bytes). Then the data link layer transmits these frames in sequence, and process the denotation frames sent back by the recipient. Because the physical layer send and receive bit stream without regard to the meaning or architectural frame, then depending on the data link layer was to create and recognize frame boundaries it. This backside be done by affixing a special bit to the beginning and end of the frame. If incidental bit patterns can be found in the data, it is necessary to pay special attention to ensure that the pattern is not incorrectly considered as the boundaries of the frame.The occurrence of noise in the channel can damage the frame. In this case, the data link layer software on the source machine to send back the broken frame. However, transmission of the uniform frame over and over again can cause duplication of frames. Duplicate frames need to be sent if an acknowledgment frame from the receiver who returned to the sender has been lost. Depending on the layer is to overcome the problems that caused the destruction, loss and duplication of frames. The data link layer provides some service classes for the network layer. This service class can be distinguished in terms of quality and price.4Other problems that arise in the data link layer (and also most of the layers above it) are seeking the smooth process of data transmission from the sender to the recipient a slow speed. Mechanism of standard of traffic data should allow the sender to know the amount of buffer space owned by the recipient at a certain moment. lots setting flow and error handling is done in an integrated manner. Channel that can send data in both directions also can be problematic. So therefore need to be considered for the data link layer software. Problems that can arise here is that the frames acknowledgement flowing from A to B compete with each other ahead of the flow from B to A. Settlement of the best (piggy backing) could have been used, then we shall discuss it in depth. Broadcast networks have an extra problem in the data link layer. The problem is in terms of controlling access to a shared channel. To fix this you can use a special sub layer of data link layer, called the medium access sub layer.Network LayerNetwork layer serves to control operation of the subnet. authoritative design problem is how to determine the route packets from source to destination. Route can be based on static tables are linked to network. Route can also be determined at the beginning of a conversation such as a terminal session. Finally, the route can also be very dynamic it can be different for each package. thitherfore, the delivery route of a packet depends on network load at that time. If at the identical time in a subnet there are too many packets, then there is the chance of the packages arrive at the same time. This can lead to bottlenecks. Congestion control as it is also the task of the network layer. Because th e sub net operators expect the good fortune of his job duties. There is very much some accounting function built at the network layer. To make billing information, at least the software should calculate the number of packets or characters or bits that are sent by each customer. Accounting becomes more complicated, when a packet crosses a country that has a different rate.The move packets from one network to another can also cause problems that are not small. Addressing mode used by a network can be different from the methods used by other network. A network whitethorn be unable to receive the package at all because the packet size is too big. Protocol was be different, as well as others. Network layer has been effrontery the task to solve all these problems, allowing different networks inter machine-accessible to each other.Transport LayerThe elemental function is the transport layer receives data from the session layer, split the data into pieces smaller if necessary, forwards t he data to the network layer, and ensure that all pieces of data can arrive at the other side correctly. Moreover, all this must be done efficiently, and objectives to protect the upper layers of the changes in hardware technology that can not be avoided. Under normal circumstances, the transport layer makes the network connection is different for each transport connection which is required by the session layer. When the transport connection requires a high throughput, then the transport layer can make a lot of network connections. Transport layer divide sending data to a number of networks to increase throughput. On the other hand, if the manufacture or maintenance of the network connection is quite expensive, transport layer can combine multiple transport connections to the same network connection. This is done to make this merger is not seen by the session layer.Transport layer also determines the type of service for the session layer, and in turn the type of service for users o f the network. Type of the most popular transport layer is a channel error-free stratum to point that forward messages or bytes in accordance with the order delivery. However, there are also other types of transport services. The services are transport marooned messages that do not guarantee order of delivery, and broadcast messages to a number of purposes. Type of service determined when the connection starts.Transport layer is a layer end to end in fact, from source to destination. In other words, a political program on the source machine to bring the conversation with the same program on the target machine. In the lower layers, there are protocols between the two machines and other machines that are close by. Protocol is not located in the outer or the source machines outer purpose machine, which may be separated by a router. The differences between layers 1 to 3 are intertwined and layer 4 to 7 are end to end. This can be explained as shown in Figure 1-1.In assenting to merg ing multiple streams of messages into a single channel, transport layer must be careful in defining and deciding on the network connection. This process requires a naming mechanism, so that a process on a machine has a way to explain with whom the machine wants to talk. Also there should be a mechanism to regulate the flow of information, so that the flow of information from a fast host does not overwhelm a slow host. Such mechanism is called flow control and plays an of the essence(p) role in the transport layer (also in other layers). Flow control between hosts with different hosts by controlling the flow of the router with the router. Well square off out later that the same principles used for both types of the control.Session LayerSession layer allows users to establish sessions with other users. A session in addition allows ordinary data transport, as did the transport layer, also provides special services for specific applications. A session is used to allow one user logs in to a remote timesharing system or to move file aways from one machine to another to machine. A session layer service is to implement the dialogue control. Sessions can allow traffic to move in two directions at one time or only in one direction only. If at one time in traffic only in one direction only analogous to a single railway line, the session layer supporters to determine who is authorise to use the channels turn at an instant.Service sessions are described as token management. For some protocols, it is important to ensure that both parties concerned do not perform surgery at the same time. To regulate this activity, the session layer provides tokens that can turn. Only a party that holds the token is allowed performs critical operations.another(prenominal) session is a synchronization service. Take for object lesson that can occur when trying to transfer files that lasted 2 hours from one machine to another machine with the possibility of having an interval of 1 hour bet ween the two crashes that can occur. After each transfer is canceled, the transfer may need to be repeated again from scratch, and may experience another failure. To reduce the possibility of this problem, the session layer can insert a specific sign to the flow of data. Therefore, if a crash, only the data that is after the sign is to be transferred back. display LayerPresentation layer performs certain functions that are required to ensure the discovery of a reciprocal solution for certain problems. Presentation Layer does not allow users to solve their own problems. Unlike the layers underneath are only moving the bits from one place to another place, presentation layer attention to syntax and semantics of information transmitted. One example is the encoding of data presentation service. Most users do not move a random mountain range of binary bits. The users exchange data just as the name, date, amount of money, and bills. The items are expressed in the form of a string of ch aracters, integer numbers, floating point numbers, a data structure formed from some simpler items. There is a difference between one computer to another computer in a given code to declare a string of characters (for example, ASCII and Unicode), integer (for example, complement and complement one two), and so forth. To allow the two computers that have different presentation to communicate, data structures to be exchanged can be expressed by means of abstract, in accordance with standard encoding to be used on line. Presentation layer-data set and convert this abstract structure of representation that is used on a computer into a network standard representation, and vice versa.Application LayerApplication layer consists of a variety of protocols. For example there are hundreds of incompatible terminal types in the intact world. Take the situation where full-screen editor is expected to work on a network with a variety of terminals, which each have different screen layouts, have a way different sequence of keystrokes for the insertion and deletion of text, move the sensor and so forth. One way to overcome such problems in data is to define an abstract network practical(prenominal) terminal, so editors and other programs can be written for each corresponding. To handle each terminal type, one part of the software must be written to map the network virtual terminal functions to the actual terminal. For example, when moving the cursor editor virtual terminal into the left-hand(a) corner of the screen, the software should issue the appropriate command sequence to achieve the cursor. All virtual terminal software is in the application layer.Another application layer function is file transfer. File systems from one another have different naming conventions, how to express the lines of text are different, and so forth. Transfer files from a system different to other systems that require treatment to overcome the lack of this compatible. The task is also a job appl ication layer, such as electronic mail, remote job entry, directory lookup, and various general purpose facilities and other special purpose facilities.CONCLUSIONThe process of sending a data to be sent to the recipient. Sender processes submitting data to the application layer, which then add the user application header, the AH (which may also be empty), the front end and submit the results to the presentation layer. Presentation layer can form these data in various ways and may just add a header at the front end, which is given by the session layer. It is important to remember that the presentation layer is not aware of the data which are marked AH by application layer is the data users really are.The process of granting this header repeated until the data reaches the physical layer, where data will be transmitted to other machines. On these machines, all headers were be removed(p) one by one until reaching the admissions process.Figure1 .3 Examples of how the OSI model usedThe k ey here is that although the actual data transmission is each layer is programmed as though the transmission in question took place horizontally. For example, when transport layer delivery get a message from the session layer, transport layer will then affix the transport layer header and sends it to the receiver transport layer.INTRODUCTION computer networks are a tool, cognize also as nodes, relating to media liaison. Node may consist of a computer, printer or other device to send and receive data generated by other nodes, nodes in the network. Media Liaison, also known as communication media.On this day, there are various types of networks, including local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). The largest network in the world is the Internet. curve Development. Network started with a small building, the connection about ten computers and a printer. The technology that exists at the time the computer is connected to limit the number and space of communications cable th at can be allowed on the network. In the early nineties the communication cable can be pulled so far about 600 feet to the extension of approximately 30 computers only. This network is suitable for a small organization known as local area network (LAN). LANs typically connect devices in a building or a building. A LAN can be built only with two computers and a printer or can be extended only in one building to include audio and video software. LAN size is limited to a outperform of several kilometers only. LAN with data rates from 4 Mbps to 100 Mbps. Network connections from different countries has established the development of LAN to the wide area network (WAN). WAN can be sending data, audio and video at distances up to cover a country or continent or around the world.QUESTION 2Briefly explain at least four (4) topologies of networks and suggest how we implement these topologies in networking.MAIN BODYNetwork can be of any of the following three typesLocal reach NetworkFigure 2 .1 Local Area NetworkLocal Area Network (LAN) is a limited range of geographical barriers such as a laboratory, a school or building. In a typical LAN configuration, one of the computers used as file server file server that functions to keep all the software that controls the network. All computers are connected to the server file known as a workstation. Computer workstation comprising a desktop computer specifications less than the server and also may have software on the disk severity. Cable used to connect the LAN via network card installed on each computer.Metropolitan Area NetworkFigure 2.2 Metropolitan Area NetworkTown Area Network (MAN) covers a wider geographical area as a region or city. Widespread area network connecting a number of Local Area Network in a place to enable sharing of information carried. Universities and government agencies Wide spread Area Network to communicate with the other communities and private industries.One example is the MAN MIND Network, located in Pasco County, Florida which enables communication between the Central Pasco Media Center Main Frame using a telephone line, coaxial cable, and radio set communication providers.Wide Area NetworkFigure 2.3 Wide Area NetworkWidespread Area Network (WAN) covers a wider area as a state, nation and world. To create a WAN requires systems across the sea or the use of microwave or satellite.Use WAN enables communication between the states can be implemented quickly.Configuring the WAN is complex and requires a hardware multiplexing multiplexer for LAN and MAN links for access to a comprehensive communications network such as the Internet.Network regional anatomyFigure 3.1 Network TopologyA computer network system using communication line that connects computers to each other.5 There are various methods that can be used for the communication and is known as regional anatomy. Topology can be considered as a virtual shape or structure of a network. This shape actually does not corres pond to the actual physical design of the devices on the computer network. The computers on the theater network can be arranged in a circle shape but it does not necessarily mean that it presents a ring topology.There are few types of topologies for computer networks, namely Star Network TopologyFigure 3.1.1 Star Network TopologyStar topology is a network where all computers or other devices connected to the central distribution system, known as the Hub or Switch. Hub or Switch is responsible for managing the computer network. All messages or data that is sent to a central control hub for avoid collisions from occurring. There are two operations that used by the hub or switch that is direct broadcast and the operations of the transition switching. Distribution operations, hub or switch will make the delivery of data received from one station to all the routes connecting them. In transition operations, the hub or switch will save the data received and sends the data through a recei ving station.3 Each node can be connected to the network and can be removed at any time without impact the whole system of directly by. Furthermore, if one node does not work, it will not affect other computer networks. Any damage to the connection between the hub nodes will not affect the system as a whole, but if the damage occurred on the hub, the entire system will also be affected. The main weakness of this topology is that it requires a fairly high damage in view of all systems connected to it computers, scanners, printers, etc. requires its own cable.Ring Network TopologyFigure 3.1.2 Ring Network TopologyIn local area networks where the ring topology is used, each computer is connected to the network in a closed loop or ring. The Messages or data to be transferred in order according to the same path in the same ring. Network technology was first used by IBM systems with Type I in the category of cable shielded Twisted Pair STP. Each data node will be checked by delivery loc ation. If not the same node strike, it will be submitted to the next node and this will continue until the delivery address the same node strike. As the data is transferred by the same route as the sequence of the potential for violations of data that appears to be similar to the network and can be removed at any time without affecting the whole system of directly by.6 However, one problem that arises is if a node fails, the entire network will probably also be affected. scheme of nodes in this topology is almost the same physically as star topology only a logical was a ring. The attachment is required in this topology is called Multi Station Access Unit (MSAU). MSAU is installed in a ring-shaped network where it is more than one unit. If only one unit only used the physical topology is similar to the star connection.Bus Network TopologyFigure 3.1.3 Bus Network TopologyBus topology, are also known as the Ethernet using a line length where each node in relation to him. Data will be s ent by each node in the hope that it does not collide with data transmitted from other nodes. If it happens, the node will try again until successful.Weakness of the bus topology is in terms of maintenance. It is quite difficult to maintain in view of the connection is in the form of a series. In the event of damage to any line at any node, it will cause the entire system will not work. In addition to accurately locate points or nodes those are damaged. Each node can be connected to the network and can be removed at any time without affecting the whole system directly. Furthermore, if one node does not work nor does it affect other computer networks. The other advantage is there in this topology is that it uses a single cable and requires no additional hardware to build the network. But it does not require a very high cost for maintenance purposes.Tree Network TopologyFigure 3.1.4 Tree Network TopologyThe tree topology is essentially a hybrid of the bus and star layouts. It is also known as a hierarchical topology and has a central root node that is connected to one or more nodes of a lower hierarchy. In a radially symmetrical hierarchy, each node in the network has a specific fixed number of nodes connected to those at a lower level.3 Apart from these basic types of network topologies, there are hybrid network topologies, which are composed of a combination of two or more basic topologies. These network mappings aim at harnessing the advantages of each of the basic topologies used in them. Network topologies are the physical arrangements of network nodes and wires. What is interesting is that the inanimate nodes and wires turn live for the transmission of information. lucre Network TopologyFigure 3.1.5 Mesh Network TopologyIn a full mesh network, each network node is connected to every(prenominal) other node in the network. Due to this arrangement of nodes, it becomes possible for a simultaneous transmission of signals from one node to several other nodes. In a partially connected mesh network, only some of the network nodes are connected to more than one node. This is beneficial over a fully connected mesh in terms of redundancy caused by the point-to-point links between all the nodes.5 The nodes of a mesh network require possessing some kind of routing logic so that the signals and the data traveling over the network take the shortest path during each of the transmissions.CONCLUSIONTopologies are essence of computer networks design. Efficient networks can only be built based on the complete knowledge and understanding of above mentioned topologies. Knowledge of every communication device is of equal importance to help you find the best option for your network requirements. Optimum networks can be built with complete knowledge and understanding of computer network devices and how they are designed, any mistake in choosing inappropriate techniques, device etc can only be the waste of time, resources and efforts.APPENDIXFigure 1.1. OSI Reference ModelApplication Application OverlayPresentationSessionTransport Data Transport UndercoatNetworkData LinkPhysicalTable 1.2 Separation of top layer and bottom layer of the OSI modelFigure1 .3 Examples of how the OSI model usedFigure 2.1 Local Area NetworkFigure 2.2 Metropolitan Area NetworkFigure 2.3 Wide Area NetworkFigure 3.1 Network TopologyFigure 3.1.1 Star Network TopologyFigure 3.1.2 Ring Network TopologyFigure 3.1.3 Bus Network TopologyFigure 3.1.4 Tree Network Topology

Generic Concept Of Authenticity In Pop Music Music Essay

Generic Concept Of legitimacy In Pop Music Music EssayThis thesis and its associated research had its origins in my declare fascination with the generic concept of authenticity, as it exists inwardly life generally, and specifically within democratic medicament. The dualities of good/bad, genuine/false, honest/fraudulent, and creative/ first derivative claim always been present within the ranks of medicineians and their acts. This thesis is intended to reconcile and exc consumption the distinctions within these dualities, and to develop a model for evaluating authenticity within popular music.An Hypothesis on Authenticity in Popular MusicAs a foundation for the research and maturation in this thesis, I will explain my own stance on the key issue of authenticity. There are six key tenets within this propositionAuthenticity functions as a soft touch of qualityAuthenticity can be judged.Authenticity is non a finite concept.An Hermeneutic approach is essential in measuring auth enticityAuthenticity judgement requires a prior-researched description of musical styleAuthenticity may only be charge to a single piece of musicking.Here are approximately details of each one1.1.1. Authenticity functions as marker for QualityWhilst in that location are some ingredients of Authenticity that are to a greater extent easily measurable, at that place are other criteria which are much subjective, and where valuation of them is an activity more determined by expert consensus, or personal taste and background. Judgements make using these criteria are largely unquantifiable, and often in the form of personal assessments. Some of these judgements may be socially and culturally constructed, and are shared between groups of people, notably in the case of fans, critics, or enthusiasts of a specific type of music, or a particular performer. Students and researchers of popular music would normally adopt a more balanced and catholic judgement, so that an equally fair ra ting would be made on a piece of country-rock music, as would be made on a piece of punk music. Authenticity is a description of the provenance and integrity of a recorded, or live performance, as well as a definition of musical skill, tunefulness, and of a listeners personal gratification.The judgement, or evaluation, of some aspects of authenticity of a piece of musicking may use less scientific criteria than others, wherein the cadence is necessarily affected by the tastes of the judge or evaluator. I contribute drawn extensively on Christopher Small (19982-3) and his eleven activities within musicking, in developing my own nineteen criteria for evaluating Authenticity, which operate as a hermeneutic circle, and of which the first fourteen relate to recorded songs, with an additional five criteria for evaluating live performances of songs. Here is a abbreviated description of my nineteen criteriaThe Notation This atom is less important in popular music than in classical mu sic, since the main method of transmission has not been through stave notation, besides through recording, and performance. (Moore, A.F 200134) However, where it originally exists, or where subsequent notation has taken place on existing works, there is still abide by in its inclusion as a criterion, particularly where patterns of notation may be compared within several songs, or where consistent notational motifs may be setLyrics Whilst I contend that it is Performance and Reception that are central to the true signification of a song, the lyrics get to a strong bearing on this. It is alike possible to identify common patterns in lyrics (Wall, T 2003129) as well as everyday language in the context of performance, and collective responses and aspirations (Frith, S 1988121) The spoken language of the song should usually be grammatically correct and recognisable, and the boilers suit content should be rational.Biography This element should also be twinned with autobiograph y as it refers to the use and influence of personal history, upbringing, nurture and culture on singer/songwriters and their eventual compositions and performances. It is an essential element to consider as farthermost as authenticity is concerned, and in my view has been vastly under-analysed, and has been allocated insufficient importance.Recognised Influences There are undoubted connections here with my Biography element (No. 3), in that childhood and developmental influences are around always lasting, oddly where they retain been received in an emotional context (e.g. happy, sad, or painful). But in addition consideration is needed on more contemporary influences, twain of musical, and of other types.Song Structure An important element in the primary text is the actual shape of the song, in terms of its musical texture, its use of instruments and voices, its rhythmic organization and its relationship to lyrics.This is often a key factor in the determination of a genre. I t is important that there is a good-natured shape to the song, with sufficient changes (verses and choruses), a comprehensible story line, and an appropriate length. There should also be a balance between familiarity and homophile body, and the song must energize sufficient familiarity to provide comfortable reply, whilst, on the other hand, offering something new and challenging.Melody This is a pattern of pitches and rhythm that creates a tune or song, and as such, underpins the whole content of a song. It is the melody that, to a large extent, is the basis for the Emotion (No.13) element of the song. In popular music, the melody usually comprises verses and chorus, but with variety in the phrasing and lyrics.Meaning and Intellectuality The meaning of a musical piece may be interpreted in an abstract or a world(a) manner, and Composition may be viewed as having a subtle difference in meaning from some Performances. Such differences may also affect the meaning from the posi tion of Reception, but it is easier to see musical works anchored to specific time, place, and cultural situations. This aspect is probably the most difficult to analyse scientifically, since the central question is whether the lyrics and/or the music stimulate some intellectual curiosity, with ultimate satisfaction.Context This broad topic is important not just for the more obvious analysis of Performance, and Reception, but also for the historical and biographical context in which a song was composed. Again there will be some interconnection with aspects of Biography and especially factors such as class, culture, gender, and politics.Instrumental The traditional rock line-up of a band is two or three guitars and drums, but in the case of country-rock and its convoluted development phase, m some(prenominal) other instruments were enquired. The exploration of the use of these instruments, and the ways in which they have contributed to the Performance and Reception of music is es sential. Much has been written on the appropriate use of specific instruments and their relationship to the true membership of a genre, as well as whether there are acceptable levels of musical proficiency present in the execution of the song by the instrumentalists.Vocal Most popular music involves one or more voices, and this element is concerned with how these voices are used, singly or harmoniously, and the ways in which communication is established between singer and listener (Moore, A.F 2001 44/5)It is arguable that, in many cases, it is the voice that is the final arbiter in establishing whether a piece of music is authentic or not. It is important that acceptable levels of musical proficiency are demonstrated in the execution of the song by the vocalist/s.Production This mainly Performance related element deals with the technical, and technological systems used to aid and enhance performance, as well as the choices made or so instrumentation, vocals and, in some cases, s tagecraft. There is a natural interlinking with other hermeneutical elements. The technical production of the recording should meet standard conventions of the genre, in regard to the mixing, the balance, and the bulk as well as any additional enhancements.Cohesion and Balance (including Sonic Balance) This element is concerned with the extent to which the band is playing as a team with appropriate use of instruments and vocals, and to which the various instrumental and vocal elements within the performance/recording are balanced, so that a smooth and cohesive overall sound is achieved.Connectivity and Emotivity It is important that the listener/receiver, acknowledges a personal relationship with the song, lyrically and/or musically with the song exciting some form of emotion upon reception, and in which the listener/receiver is sufficiently stimulated and curious to have a desire to hear the song again.The Leader Within a band, the style of performance may be dictated or at lea st highly influenced by the leader who is often, although not always the singer. This inevitably affects the Reception of the music. However, the Composition of the music also needs to be considered in the light of the leader, for even if it is not he/she that is the main author, the style of the piece could be shaped by his/her approach.repertory This is what Christopher Small terms The Drama of Relationships (Small, C 1998158) Each musical performance has, or should have, a recognisable narrative, or a set-list and this is most significant in the analysis of Reception. The psychology inherent within constructing a performance including many songs is important in the development of Audience Rapport, or even individual fan admiration.Stagecraft Middleton (1990168) recognises false music and true music, where false means corrupt, manipulated, over-complex, and mechanical, and true means natural, spontaneous, and traditional. In these senses, the interpretation of drama, and a sense of theatre in the performance and reception of popular music are always important.It is inevitably connected to Repertoire, but is far more than this single item. Again, only in a live performance, the chain presented by the performers through body mintment, gestures, stance, and cohesion should augment the reception of the song.Planning and Organisation This thoroughly contemporary affair as Christopher Small puts it (Small, C 199830) includes the organisation of performances, the role of publicity and advertising, and the ways in which the audience is prepared for the Reception. Whilst they are not directly a composite part of a piece of music or its actual performance, the intricacies of the arrangements undoubtedly sway perceptions of a musical show or concert.Venue This, of course is solely a Performance/Reception element but, like Planning and Organisation, is extremely powerful, since the size, shape, location, construction, lighting and acoustics will exert major pressu res on the ultimate performance.Audience Rapport This element is concerned with the intimacy, community, bonding and manduction of an audience and the ways in which they are able to persuade each other. It is also concerned with individual and group participation in the Performance and its depression on the perceptions of authenticity. In a live performance, there must be a general and universal approval demonstrated towards the song as demonstrated through facial and bodily expression during the performance and applause at the end.Having draw all nineteen elements used in the assessment of Authenticity, it should be dysphoric that whilst Authenticity is a term that provides for a description of the integrity of a piece of musicking, this integrity is not always synonymous with attractiveness, as recognised by huge swathes of the worlds population. As I show in this dissertation there are plenty of examples of music that are authentic, according to measurement of many of the cr iteria, but which are not necessarily well received. Conversely there are many instances of well-received musicking that are not of a high level of authenticity as related to the other criteria. In other words, Authenticity is not finite.1.1.2. Authenticity is not a finite concept.Authenticity has so many diametrical components (I have identified at least nineteen) as well as many mediators, so that relative judgements on each of the items would almost certainly mean that a final decision as to whether the song was authentic, could never result in a simple yes or no, but would be a relative assessment.The more appropriate question that should be posed by the judge, or evaluator, would be to what extent has this song/performance been deemed to be authentic?A piece of musicking may, for example, have some authentic attributes, such as a truly original instrumental performance, and the vocal qualities may be genuine, whereas its lyrical content may be mundane, and derivative, thus ren dering the song only partially authentic.This particular principle relegates the rockism argument, described in other parts of this thesis, to a peripheral position, since it accommodates varying degrees of authenticity, sooner than insisting on one broad form of music being superior to another, simply based on its provenance. Rockists are people who consider that there were, and occasionally still are, golden periods of Rock, illuminated by artists and performances which contain an honesty, authenticity, and value of which the mainstream of performers in pop music are both incapable and unconcerned.The differences that show themselves when evaluating Authenticity, particularly in the contrasts between the more objective criteria and those that embody the expression of values generated and constructed by the critical and fan community, mean that an evaluation of authenticity cannot remain in perpetuity, and that it has a clear temporal characteristic, wherein evaluation may change o ver time.Therefore, despite the fact that judgements on the Authenticity of pieces of musicking may be made, they are essentially of a relative nature.1.1.3. Authenticity can be evaluatedThere are many different hypotheses on the topic of musical authenticity, many of which have been reviewed and assessed within this thesis, all of which, without exception, explain the concept in notional terms, whilst avoiding any attempt to develop, or impose, a quantitative measurement of judgement.The decision on the authenticity of a piece of musicking, has been derived from a qualitative evaluation, left to the complex devices supposedly inherent within the intellectual abilities of a few senior musicologists and experts, or socially and culturally constructed values. I propose that, with the application of a list of authenticity criteria, built into a hermeneutic framework, there are a number of activities that can move the efficacy of the judgement towards a more accurate qualitative assess ment, albeit still with strong elements of discrimination within it.1.1.4. A hermeneutic approach is essential in evaluating authenticitySince each evaluation criterion has influences upon, and from, each of the other criterion, the idea of a circle is used so that ones seeing of a piece of musicking, as a whole, is established by reference to the individual criteria and ones understanding of each individual criterion by reference to the whole.Neither the whole piece nor any individual criterion can be understood without reference to one another, and hence, it is a circular process. Strictly speaking, hermeneutics was originally conceived as means of cultivating the ability to understand things from someone elses point of view, and to set aside ones own predelictions and tastes. So the whole evaluation exercise must be considered in full awareness of the evaluation conclusions which may have been reached by the relevant community practice, before and during the judgement process. Us ing the tools and procedures that I have developed to make an ultimate judgement on both authenticity, ensures that the decision will be as informed, researched, and analytical as is possible.1.1.5. Authenticity judgement requires a researched description of genreWhilst I have described in some detail the general nature of a range of criteria that I have allocated to Authenticity including Quality, it is important that the Authenticity criteria are enhanced and made more explicit. This should be done through a close examination, and subsequent description, of the genre that one is analysing (in this thesis, my exemplar is country-rock music). There have been major academic debates on the nature of genre, and in particular whether genre is a stable item rather than a temporal one. My position is based on the assumption that genre may be fixed and stationary, if one is, firstly, prepared to accept the existence of a continuum of a multitude of popular music styles, within which many d ifferent genres and sub-genres reside.Secondly, and perhaps paradoxically, it is important to acknowledge that the detailed description of any single genre, or sub-genre, is not universally acknowledged and is, therefore never canonically explicit. The nature of both of these conditions will be influenced by the beliefs and convictions of individual researchers. This means that genre definitions will inevitably vary, albeit within boundaries. Nevertheless, it is essential to generate a broad genre templet through which authenticity may be evaluated.It is important to note that authenticity may be a validity descriptor of a piece of musicking, both in general terms, in the sense that the song has been composed, performed, and received in an authentic manner, but also in genre specific terms so that a song may be classed as being authentic blues or authentic country-rock.The significance of this lies in the need to define genre-parameters when attempting to evaluate authenticity withi n a genre hence the statement Authenticity Judgement Requires A Researched Description Of Genre.1.1.6. Authenticity may only be charge to a single piece of musickingWithin Popular Music, I propose that the evaluation of authenticity may only be made as far as a recorded or performed song is concerned. Authenticity comprises a number of attributes of composition, performance and reception, but is largely concerned with sound, rather than the characteristics of a human being. Therefore, authenticity cannot be assigned to an artist, other than in a general sense, through a judgement of his/her individual performance of a song. It may be seductive to contemplate the authenticity of an artist, as has been done frequently over the history of popular music, and as argued forcibly by the Rockists. Indeed, many rock artists have been accorded that epithet, including Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, Bono, Leonard Cohen, and Lou Reed. However, human authenticity is a complex and hugely debatable concept.For example, it is arguable that even these notable performers could only be described as authentic, if they were to have totally eschewed commercial gain, desire for glory, or other forms of psychological reward during their long and successful lives. This has patently not been the case. Of course, it is arguable that human authenticity could be assessed on the basis that it is not a finite concept (as I have professed is the case for musicking).However, the study of authenticity of individual human beings, would be a multi-faceted, and almost impossible task, since there are so many variables and criteria, which would need to be taken into account, such that even a relative evaluation would involve an extremely complex decision-making process. It is most certainly not within the remits of my research within this thesis. It is also important to stress that the epithet of authenticity cannot be assigned to a body of work, rather than a single song or piece of music, but is only related to individual performances/recordings of songs.It would be possible, however, to make assessments of a number of individual songs performed by one artist or even an assembled group of artists, wherein it might then be possible to offer an overall measurement of the degree of authenticity of that particular set of songs but it would be an average, or mean, of the total assessment.On the same basis, it would be technically possible, albeit extremely arduous and time-consuming, to canalise out such an exercise on the entire output of a particular artist. It should be stressed that even so, the eventual conclusion would still be an evaluation of the performance of the music, rather than the person.At this point I should also restate that my position holds that the evaluation of Authenticity of a live performance of a song may be made, even though this will inevitably differ from the recorded version of the same song. All of the criteria used in the evaluation of a recorde d song will apply to a live performance of a song, but there will also be a few additional elements that should be applied. These are listed under an earlier principle (Authenticity functions as a marker for Quality)

The Women of Shakespeares Othello :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Wo men of Othello           The women of Shakespeares Othello are put into stereotypical roles, but behind peoples backs play much stronger types. Desdemona, goes against her fathers orders and marries a moor. Bianca innocently takes let out in Desdemonas death. Emilia has an opportunity to save Desdemona but sneakingly remains silent. These women are similar because they are treated like they are lower because the men in their days. But they do not let that hold them back. These women take part in anything that pleases them. In no way would they let men tell them what to do Desdemona was the daughter of the Venetian Senator Brabantio. Against her fathers wishes, she marries a moor, Othello. The marriage seems to be monstrous- in the sense that it represents a deviation from that which is natural. How else, Brabantio asks, would Desdemona, so carefully, have brought such outrage upon herself and her father by shunning, the wealthy cur led darlings of our nation(Act 1 Scene 2 Line 68). Desdemona arrives and gently resolves the dispute by acknowledging split loyalties to her father and to her smart husband, but making it clear that she now belongs to Othello. For the play being set in the late sixteenth century, Desdemonas defense of her actions is remarkably forthright, spirited, and courageous. She was aware of the great lay on the line involved when she married a moor. She says She remains bound to her noble father for her life and education he remains her lord of duty, and she will always prize him as such. Now however, she has a husband, and she must recognize her duties to him just as her mother did to Brabantio(Act 1 Scene 3 Line 181). Desdemona is a well-born and well ameliorate daughter of a Venetian senator. She has been trained to adapt herself easily to any social situation. You could see how she is headstrong in her choice of a husband and in her defense of him. Desdemonas generous nature tries to h elp Cassio receive his spot as Liutenant back. This is when her kindness falls for weakness. Using Desdemona and her natural goodness, Iago will turn her virtue into pitch, and train the net that shall enmesh them all(Act2 Scene 3 Line 366). It is Desdemonas innocent attempt to reconcile Othello with Cassio that gives Iago the opportunity to wreak vengeance upon Othello, causing the murder and suicide, which puzzle out this tragedy to its violent conclusion.

Athletes vs Couch Potatoes Essay -- Health Diet Exercise

For many years, Ive view as been labeled as a couch white potato vine due to my laziness and my lack of a hefty diet. Throughout my childhood, I had very few friends and I stayed inside my house, most of the time. I was always into sports, but I never got to actually join a team and play with my friends because I never enjoyed moving around. I never liked to run, skip, or jump because I was 20 lbs. overweight and I dislike sw have due to the sweltering heat. I enjoyed sitting in the couch all day, doing nothing but watching T.V, eating junk food, playing mental picture games, and watching the day go by. However, I needed to change my life around, so I joined the gym, started to eat vegetables and white meat, instead of chips, cookies, or new(prenominal) junk food, and I exercised daily. I was proud by the results at the end because I felt healthy, fit, and much more energetic.Many former couch potatoes have become athletes because they adopt active lifestyles and eat healthier. Unfortunately, some people fall into the trap of a sedentary lifestyle and maintain it that way. They stay sitting around, sleeping, eating junk, or watching T.V. Athletes look forward to be involved in physical activities, while couch potatoes let life go by. Due to differences in lifestyle, physical activity and health, athletes ar healthier and much more energetic than couch-loving counter-parts.Athletes live a more active lifestyle than their couch laying counter-parts. They are either gifted with physical talents or they train extensively to improve balance, strength, and flexibility by exercising. Most Athletes go to the gym about 2-3 times a week and do about 1-2 hours of cardio to improve their heart rate and maximize fat-burning. They get up early in the morning or go o... ... record Publishing Group 28 January 2009. 27 October 2010 http//www.nature.com/nrcardio/index.htmlWhy can a trained athlete run a marathon, but a couch potato cannot run half a mile? Discovery Comm unications Inc. n.d. 27 October 2010 http//health.howstuffworks.com/wellness/diet-fitness/information/question485.htmJ. Anderson, L. Young and S. Prior Nutrition for the Athlete. 2010 Colorado aver University Extension. 12 May 2010. 26 October 2010 http//www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09362.htmlAlbanesius, Chloe More Than Half of U.S. Adults Play Video Games Ziff Davis, Inc. 08 Dec. 08. 27 Oct. 10. http//www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2336392,00.aspLifestyle health Effects of a Sedentary Lifestyle LifeMojo Health Solutions Pvt Ltd. n.d. 26 October 2010. http//www.lifemojo.com/lifestyle/health-effects-of-a-sedentary-lifestyle-44282279ixzz14A8O9cyZ