Occupational Therapy In Mental Health Health And Social Care Essay

occupational Therapy In Mental Health Health And genial C ar EssayOccupations are collections of activities and tasks of routines which are valued by individuals and cultures. Occupations include everything such as self-care, relish life, and contri simplying to the mixer and economic aspects of societies (CAOT, 2002). It engages people in mutual work and it also promotes soulfulnessal ontogenesis and wearment which offers possibilities to maintain wellnessy environment where people bed act with each other. (Creek Laugher, 2008).occupational therapy is rehabilitation job which involves the individuals with disabilities to attain maximum potential in performing function of daily living, employment, through the use of purpose-built activities. (Stein Cutler, 2002).According to (Awan, 2009) Pakistan has poor condition in terms of occupation its safety and health legislature. People are to a greater extent susceptible because they work informally, with no access to basic occu pational health .Which creates barrier for a person to involve in any activities and accedes in society which ultimately leads to loss of roles and responsibilities. Therefore occupational therapy is essential to accomplish basic tasks of daily living in order to enhance quality of life. more over Occupational therapy minimizes dependence on expensive health care and it also promotes societal espousal of individuals. This reason led me to think about the occupational therapy in psychical health context for Pakistani people. Where people are renowned for their occupation, because society value those who earns and make diverse contribution in society. any cordial disorder creates barrier for a person in occupation and compromises their quality of life. Therefore occupational therapy is essential for a people because it engages people in various tasks of daily living and enhances self-worth of individuals so that they digest live peacefully in societies.It was our first Mental H ealth clinical rotation at Karwane-e-hayat. The things which had positive(p) me in this rehabilitation center is occupational therapy. I noticed that my thickening was greatly refer with occupational Therapists. Every day new innovative activities were planned which influence the health and benefit of patient effectively, as patient involved in these activities very well. Furthermore when my client receives occupational therapy discussions he improves significantly more in terms of interpersonal relationships, which is the sign of disease improvement.The effectiveness of occupation therapy has convinced us a lot. Therefore we decided to plan more activities for the patient so that they can participate advantageously and interact more with other patients. To achieve this purpose we began with the assessment of patients interest and abilities. By identifying this we can plan activities harmonise to their interest and implement them at clinical setting. Finally we evaluated our effectiveness of intervention which was positive and patients were happy and they invite our group to plan more activities for them next time.To improve health and wellbeing of patient occupational healer believed that person needs to participate in the action of daily living. To describe this relationship of health and wellbeing a person environment occupational model has been proposed. This model deals with the interdependent relationship between troika factors which are person, aspects of occupation and environment and their effects on performance of a person and health. The personal factors which commence an effect on occupational performance are sex, age, gender, self-efficacy (feeling of I can do it).Environmental factor includes social, sensual, cultural, institutional characteristics these factor interact with the personal factor which then have either positive or disconfirming impact on persons occupational performance. The third factor which has an influence on occu pationalPerformance, health and offbeat is occupation, which includes tasks and activities that person performs on daily basis. These factors are constantly interacting with each other and they influence health and public assistance of persons health (Law, Steinwender, Leclair, 1998).Relating this scenario, to our clinical setting, the self-efficacy of a patient motivated him a lot, and to summation the self-efficacy, environmental factor which includes social support system example friends and families considered being a strongest support system. The Patient who involve in the activity they insist their friends to be a part of the activity. Besides patients family support them very well to enhance their wellbeing, it was seen in clinical area that after taking discharge family members bring the patient in occupation therapy populate to participate in the activity for 2-3 hours. The third component is occupation that includes tasks which sometimes produce negative symptoms on we llbeing for example work load, expectation of a job. During Mental status examination a client verbalized that he got ill because of major loss in business. Due to which client suffered from major imprint and he got admitted in this rehabilitation center. Thus 3 factors are very important for the person to participate in the activity and improve their health prognosis.Occupational therapy has a positive impact in mental health settings. It treats individuals who are mentally ill, impaired cognition or emotionally disturbed. To treat these problems, therapists provide physical preparedness and exercise training. It also provides independent living skills such as self-care for mentally ill and person who have cognitive impairment. Moreover it provides education for stress management to a client with disorder. It also promotes finger of independency, enhances self-esteem and self- worth.Occupational therapist collaborate with other health care professional to provide intervention fo r a group by leading activity in a group to prevent depression, increase socialization, It provide parenting skills to those parent who are disable or who have children with disabilities, They also educate regarding normal fruit and improvement and how to deal with a patient with problematic behaviors. Therapist also arranges programs, to resolve conflict and for wrath management to enhance motivation in a community so that people can develop interest for their work roles (AJOT, 2001).Occupational therapists are devoted to plan different activities for the patient to increase their well-being, but as a nurse we are also in a business to promote patients health, ameliorate suffering and prevent them from disabilities. For this purpose we also planned activities for the patient in the rehabilitation center, which was exercising, sandwich making, cowling making, collage work, word game and many more. Patient responded very well towards our planned activities they were greatly invol ved with other patient which increase their socialization, enhance their self-esteem, reduce their depression and decreases their feeling of loneliness which was verbalized by the patient.Moreover as a individuals it is our first and foremost responsibility to encourage people to adapt occupational therapy as an intervention because occupational therapy prevent the relapses. First of all people should know the positive aftermath of occupational therapy which can be done through education and awareness, awareness through television and radio about disease related to mental health so that people should came to know about priggish intervention related to disease process, Modifying exercise facilities to make them accessible to people so that they can easily practice, provide education skill development training in the context of everyday occupation, and also self-management training to manage health. However training of staff is very necessary to promote occupational therapy in ment al health, government and private sector should established a programmed to trained therapist (AJOT, n.d).By concluding this, Occupational therapy plays essential role to promote wellbeing and to reduce the suffering, positive aspect of mental health can be promoted through occupational therapy, which enhance societal acceptance of patients and reduce the health expense by promoting wellbeing through activities and counseling. It is the responsibility of a nurse to promote OT in collaboration with other health care professionals to reduce the disabilities in the societies. Furthermore certain law and legislature should be imposed by government in the country to promote OT in the hospital which lacks this facility. All in all occupational therapy has a positive impact on patients wellbeing however if this intervention being neglected by the therapist or a nurse so it can produce negative impact on patients mental health.Awan, T. (2009, September 11). OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY IN PAKISTAN Asia supervise Resource Centre. Home Asia Monitor Resource Centre. Retrieved from http//www.amrc.org.hk/alu_article/occupational_health_and_safety/occupational_health_and_safety_in_pakistan.CAOT Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists -Position Statement- Universal design. (2002). CAOT-ACE. Retrieved from http//www.caot.ca/default.aspCreek, J., Lougher, L. (2008). In Occupational therapy and mental health. London Churchill Livingstone.Law, M., Cooper, B,. Strong, S., Stewart, D., Rigby, P. Letts, L. 1996. The Person-Environment-Occupation homunculus A transactive approach to occupational performance. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 63(1)9-23Law, M., Steinwender, S., Leclair , L. (1998). Occupation, health and well-being. Canadian journal of occupational therapy, 65(2),Pp, 81-91.Occupational Therapy in the Promotion of Health and the Prevention of Disease and Disability Statement. (2001). The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, PP, 656-66 0.Stein, F., Cutler, S. K. (2002). Psychosocial Occupational Therapy A holistic approach (2nd ed.). Albany,New York, USA Delmar.

A Critical Reading Of Allen Ginsbergs Howl English Literature Essay

A Critical Reading Of Allen Ginsbergs shout out position Literature Es judgeThe acquire figurehead is a literary and complaisant movement, which came about in the 1950s, at the end of the Second World War. The movement centred on a group of writers who isolated themselves from friendly conventions in a bid to gain liberty in their artistic expression and their lives. The quake writer s incorporated various elements of retire, religion, art, literature, and philosophy, into their works in edict to take a shit and prophesise a sore vision for family.They were i of the off answer printing literary groups to focus intently on the corruption of society and move to dethatch themselves from the restrictions of tralatitious prose. This enabled them to become aw ar of the beauty of creativity and the individual and embrace freedom and spontaneity in their expression. The main writers of the Beat movement were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, whom not onl y invented an innovative style of literature, but to a fault encouraged citizenry to become more aware of the social constrictions of the 1950s by their literary works.Allen Ginsberg (1926-1997) is customaryly regarded as the poet laureate of the Beat movement. grizzle , written in 1955, has been subject to both praise and criticism as a angiotensin-converting enzyme of the main works that shaped the Beat genesis . Howl was first performed by Ginsberg at a poetry reading event at the Six G eachery in San Francisco in October 1955. Several well-known East-coast writers be the event, as well as Kerouac who is said to have overcome a wine jug and shout Go after each melody of Ginsberg s Howl recital. Ginsberg s passionate and unreserved reading of the verse form left Ginsberg and other in tears. The metrical composition was accepted as one that broke the boundaries of tradition form and it led to Ginsberg becoming established as an important voice in the Beat movement. A yea r later, in October 1956, the verse form was published within Howl and Other Poems by urban center Lights Books. It then became the focus of an obscenity trail against its publisher, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, which highlighted San Francisco as the leader of a revolution against the censorship of literary publishing in America and ensured Howl and Other Poems wide readership.Jazz was a very important to Ginsberg and Kerouac as it was the quintessence of their intentstyle in the mid-1940s and early 1950s when they used to frequent jazz clubs in Harlem to hear their favourite jazz musicians, such(prenominal) as Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker. Ginsberg s poetic style was inspired by poets such as Whitman, Blake, and Rimbaud but also the rhythmic technique of bebop jazz. The volume turn tail can be clearly associated with the poem Howl from a musical context due to the major influence of jazz on the Beat writers and a key element to their form of expression.During the early and mid -twentieth century, the rule white place class saw jazz, an African-American style of music, as unacceptable and seedy. However, the Beat writers were able to put with the African-American community as they too were outcast from respectable society. In Howl , a free observation of modern American society is made by Ginsberg, by means of his highlighting of the hardship of those oppressed by society, such as the Negroes and the passer people . The music of these minor communities is jazz, a music form which Ginsberg reveres, which can be seen when he refers to the madman bum and angel beat in Time, unknown, yet putting down here what might be left to say in epoch come after death, and rose reincarnate in the ghostly clothes of jazz (67, 34).Jazz has also influenced Howl in relation to the rhythm and beat. In a bid to reject handed-down form poetry, Ginsberg experimented with a rule comparable to Kerouac s spontaneous well out of consciousness writing style, which was based on jazz. In writing Howl , Ginsberg used a poetic writing style which was intended to flow to a syncopated beat similar to jazz, enabling the lines of the poem to be read aloud at a shifting and improvisational tempo. The verses of the poem are therefore free form, comprising of long lines and a rhythm to match the vivid breath. Ginsberg described his poem Howl to be, a jazz mass, I recollect conception of rhythm not derives from jazz directly but if you comprehend to jazz you get the idea ().The social context of the word beat in relation to Howl is significant as regards our understanding of Ginsberg s message in the poem. Sometimes wantned to the Lost Generation of the 1920s, the Beat multiplication was both a literary movement and a wider cultural word form of mind. The Beat writer s rejected the ideas of conformity and normality of their time and instead displayed unmannerlyness to the experiences that were available outside of the confines of white middle class America . The Beat genesis were rebelling against a dominant society which was desperately encouraging planned order as a reaction to the end of WWII. The Beats strived for a deeply intellectual, spontaneous, chaotic, Dionysian way of life in order to break free of these social constraints.Howl is Ginsberg s social and political criticism of what he saw in the America of his time. The poem both addresses and discusses an audience of comprised of the minor social communities who suffer and fall to hysteria in dealing with and breaking free of the constraints opposed upon them by a post-war era of American society.Part I of the poem, depicts the desperation experienced by those who felt alienated due to mechanisation and the conformity with which they felt American post-WWII society demanded. The poem communicates a universal yearning to escape from restriction and oppression. Part II of Howl sets out to discover and label the sources of homosexual misery and unhappiness. In utilising t he character of Moloch, a Middle Eastern deity to whom children were sacrificed by megalomaniac leaders, Ginsberg personifies the causes of social disharmony, which include materialism, government bureaucracy, conformity, and technology. Moloch essentially represents the facets of modern society which demand the costly sacrifice of individual freedom and artistic expression.The ternary section of Howl , entitled Part III , attempts to weigh the decease and misery of the previous two sections by means of a ain homage to Carl Solomon, a friend of Ginsberg s. Although Ginsberg stands firm in his belief that certain(a) facial expressions of American society are to blame for damaging the spirit of a generation, he also expresses an desire to reconcile with his country, which is clearly demonstrated in the line, we hug and kiss the United States under out bedsheets the United States that coughs all night and won t let us sleep ().In the Footnote to Howl , Ginsberg envisions a future of wholeness and integrity through the merging of both society and the individual. It is important to note that the Beat generation did not reject America, but protested against certain aspects of the society which they deemed as oppressive. In Howl , Ginsberg puts forward the idea of a different society, one which includes homosexuality, Negroes , jazz, and drugs as acceptable features of society.The word beat also has a spiritual, beatific importation to the poem Howl , along with the other works of the Beat writers. In Kerouac s article The Origins of the beat Generation , he states that the word beat originally meant poor, down and out, deadbeat, on the bum, sad, sleeping in subways, a landmark he first heard from Herbert Huncke, but the term then became broad to include a spiritual association, a certain new gesture, or attitude, which I can only describe as a new more (Kerouac 61-62).The poem Howl not only protests against the crippling gist of the social conformity on sou l s of the nation, but it is also a tribute to the sanctity of everything regarding the gay body and psyche. This spiritual aspect to the beat is present in the previous three parts of the poem. In Howl , Ginsberg describes the best minds (including Carl Solomon and Neal Cassady) as angelheaded hipsters, and therefore providing these societal minorities with a sacredness which is set part from what the dominant society would consider as sacred or hallowed.In the first two lines of the Footnote to Howl , the word holy is used fifteen times in quick succession, much like a religious chant. Ginsberg uses this device to disrupt the audience from their environment, making them open to understanding the new environment of holiness which he proposes. Ginsberg then begins to identify what he sees as sacred, The skin is holy The nose is holy The/ vocabulary and cock and hand and asshole holy (Howl ). He continues to list jazz as one of these holy things, along with sacred cities such as Ne w York, San Francisco, Paris, Seattle, and Tangiers, which serve as locations that permit the madness of the best minds to create and exist freely.The poem ends on a note of salvation for the human souls which have suffered due to societal oppression and conformity. Ginsberg prophesises that it is through their suffering and thinking(a) kindness of the soul (Howl 33) that they are made truly holy saintly forgiveness Mercy Charity Faith Holy Ours Bodies Suffering Mag-/nanimity (Howl 31-32).In conclusion, this examination of Howl and its relationship with the beat , in musical, social, and beatific terms, highlights the poem s ultimate importance to the history of American literature and society. The Beat writers proposed a society, a world, which harboured a new attitude. Collectively, they provided people with an awareness and method to free themselves of an unimaginative, suppressed society by exploring their intellect and experiencing a life worth living. Ginsberg s Howl paved th e way for an improved instauration of freedom from sexual and creative repression by outlining the struggle Beat generation towards the beatific.

Network Aware Adaptive Media Streaming in Mobile Cloud

Network Aw atomic number 18 Adaptive Media Streaming in Mobile CloudAuthors Name/s per 1st connexion (Author) preeminence 1 (of Affiliation) dept. name of organization spot 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3-City, groundline 4-e-mail address if desiredAuthors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)line 1 (of Affiliation) dept. name of organizationline 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptableline 3-City, Countryline 4-e-mail address if desiredAbstractThis electronic entry is a live template and already defines the comp unitarynts of your cover title, text, heads, etc. in its look sheet. *CRITICAL Do Not Use Symbols, Special Characters, or mathematics in Paper Title or Abstract. (Abstract)Keywordsmultimedia pullulateing active cloud ranking QoSI. IntroductionIn recent years, mobility of com prescribeing subtilegumajigs has caught the captivation and attention of many users all over the world. This has led to rapid packaging in fluent technology and now users squirt easily pour high pure tone multimedia content like audio and painting on the go. A huge limitation to this, however, is the loss of flavor that is incurred magic spell transferring the entropy. Due to the unstable nature of the devices, varying signal strength hind end lead to packet loss which ultimately leads to the reduction in the quality of service (QoS). In addition, the memory available in mobile devices is relatively low. To overcome these constraints, selective information is stored and retrieved from a cloud.Cloud computing addresses the QoS related issues and dependability problems. The cloud has a large amount of storage space and computer science power. Harnessing the power of the cloud, it will be possible to service the brings of triune mobile clients at the same time. Using the cloud, it is possible to allocate resources on demand and reallocate them dynamically. In order to stream info from a cloud to a mobile device, a coding and decoding computer architecture like H264/SVC is necessary.This architecture is an extension of the H.264/AVC. It ensures that the same quality of video that can be obtained apply H.264/MPEG-4 AVC design on the mobile device. It employs spacial scalability and temporal scalability. According to spatial scalability samples of high quality data can be predicted from their decoded low quality counterparts. Using temporal scalability, the entire video is modelled in such a way that the motion is encoded as dependencies so that the picture for subsequent frames need not be encoded directly.In order to boost QoS, a proficiency called Bayesian-Gaussian mode is employ to predict the bandwidth available to the mobile user. Once the bandwidth has been predicted, the data is encoded using xuggler transcoding algorithm. To finally stream the video, multipath routing protocols are apply and ranks are provided to each(prenominal) node to ensure that none of them form to arrest indefinitely to be s erviced. Following this, a comparison is made to the existing Bayesian technique proposed by Keshav1.II. Related WorkA. Mobile Cloud CompuingA mobile cloud computing setup is one in which mobile devices outsource the computational power of the cloud. Data storage and accomplishing are both performed outside the mobile device.B. Streaming ContentC. Role of Cache in Real Time StreamingThe role of the cache has been outlined by Wu et al2. When a Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) prayer is displace by a machine, the cache memory is initially searched. In compositors case a cache miss occurs, the original server services the request.D. up(p) Quality of ServiceA rate of different approaches defecate been proposed in order to ensure that the quality of service is maximized. One such method presented by Wang and Dey3 uses a technique that varies the complexity of the content depending on the network. Non-essential data in a scene are omitted to accomplish this.Lai et al4 have exces sively put forth an approach to data streaming that depends on the network. prognostic of the bandwidth is done establish on measured historical data. This will financial aid prevent the wastage of bandwidth. It is withal noted that the video format to be employ is to be chosen. This is performed by a Bayesian prediction module.A terce approach is detailed by Thuy An et al5. Enhancements are made to the Remote backc messh Protocol (RDP) in order to provide an overall remediate experience. The data separated into two categories and compressed. Lossless techniques are used to provide the purify(p) possible output.E. RankingThe various approaches mentioned in the previous section handle improving QoS with respect to one user. But in reality, the cloud is simultaneously accessed by more than just one user. For this reason, it is important to ensure that in that location is some scheduling mechanism in place that will oversee the incoming requests so that no client request is forced to rest for too long without being serviced. Zhou et al6 have proposed a refreshing approach in which all the competing mobile devices work together to defame congestion. This approach aims to strike a balance between reducing the torturing in data and increasing the performance of the network as a whole.III. Proposed WorkThe proposed model has two major(ip) components the mobile device and the cloud. The mobile device entirely issues the request while the cloud provides a rank, predicts the bandwidth and accordingly streams the video accordingly. The architecture has been outlined in Fig.1.A. Mobile DeviceThe executing of the mobile portion of the architecture is fairly straight forward. The user is provided with the excerpt to specify the location of the video in the cloud server. Then, the cache is hang-up to see if the requested data is available. If it is, the data is transferred directly from the cache. This casing of cached data will be accessible offline as well. In the case where a cache miss occurs, the server is accessed to retrieve the data.B. The CloudThe videos that are to be stream are stored in a separate database. When a request is made, the video is streamed using the cloud. In order to do this, three major modules are implemented in the cloud. In the cloud, the users are ranked and therefore the bandwidth available is estimated. Finally, xuggler transcoding is used to encode the data and the encoded data is transferred to the mobile device for viewing. Each operation is handled by a different module as show in Fig.2.C. Bandwidth PredictionD. Xuggler TranscodingE. RankingThe ranking module is used to ensure that QoS is improved while transmitting the data. Once the bandwidth has been stubborn, the data has to be sent in such a way that the congestion in the network is as low as possible. Ranking is done based on the user profile. The user profile contains a history of the users downloads as well as the bandwidth measured. Poorly performing nodes in the establishment are identified using this ranking system and they can be enhanced to improve the overall functioning of the network as a whole.F. Channel AssignmentOnce ranking is done, multipath routing algorithms are used to transfer the data. Link states are determined and the several feasible paths are selected. Since several paths are selected, the chances of congestion and packet loss are reduced. The about suitable channel for transmission of the data can be determined by solving the linear programming equationMin (1)The process of selecting the best channel is shown in Fig. 3.IV. OutputThe proposed system has been implemented and its results have been compared with that of the Keshavs Bayesian technique. It can be seen that the proposed system works better than Keshavs system consistently. Comparative studies have been undertaken on the basis of bandwidth and upside signal to noise ratio (PSNR).A. BandwidthThe bandwidth predicted by the propos ed system is a lot closer to the actual measured bandwidth than that predicted by Keshavs system. The graph in Fig.4 clearly shows the deviation of both techniques from the actual measured bandwidth.B. PSNR and Bit arrayThe quality of the video streamed can be determined based on the bit rate as well as the PSNR. The proposed system performs better than Keshavs system on both counts. This is shown in the graph in Fig.5.C. Video QualityThe comparative study only shows us how the system works in comparison to Keshavs existing system. To determine the posture of this system, a detailed study of the video quality was performed and has been summarized in add-in 1.ConclusionIt is clear from the studies undertaken that the proposed Bayesian-Gaussian technique works well at predicting the bandwidth available. The xuggler transcoding also ensures that quality is preserved. Thus, using a mobile cloud it is possible to stream videos without a loss in quality and also without forcing the use r to wait for the video to load.Acknowledgment (Heading 5)The preferred spelling of the word acknowledgment in America is without an e after the g. Avoid the stilted expression one of us (R. B. G.) thanks . Instead, try R. B. G. thanks. Put sponsor acknowledgments in the unnumbered indite on the first of all page. personasThe template will number citations consecutively within brackets 1. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket 2. Refer simply to the reference number, as in 3do not use Ref. 3 or reference 3 except at the beginning of a sentence Reference 3 was the first Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.Unless there are six authors or more give all authors names do not use et al.. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been submitted for outcome, should be cited as unpublished 4. Papers that have b een accepted for publication should be cited as in press 5. Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and subdivision symbols.For papers published in translation journals, please give the English citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation 6.G. Eason, B. Noble, and I.N. Sneddon, On certain integrals of Lipschitz-Hankel type involving products of Bessel functions, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol. A247, pp. 529-551, April 1955. (references)J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed., vol. 2. Oxford Clarendon, 1892, pp.68-73.I.S. Jacobs and C.P. Bean, Fine particles, thin films and exchange anisotropy, in Magnetism, vol. III, G.T. Rado and H. Suhl, Eds. New York Academic, 1963, pp. 271-350.K. Elissa, Title of paper if known, unpublished.R. Nicole, Title of paper with only first word capitalized, J. Name Stand. Abbrev., in press.Y. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, Electron spectroscopic analysis studies on magneto-optical media and plastic substrate interface, IEEE Transl. J. Magn. Japan, vol. 2, pp. 740-741, August 1987 Digests 9th Annual Conf. Magnetics Japan, p. 301, 1982.M. Young, The skilful Writers Handbook. Mill Valley, CA University Science, 1989.

Social interaction and how we rapidly forms impressions

Social interaction and how we quickly gets rulingsHuman universes argon well-disposed creatures. Our interaction with anformer(a) is of import as it provides us with a vast come of breeding obligatory to carry out daily activities. With the amount of breeding that is available to us at superstar time, the human mind has natur all in ally developed shortcuts that stop us to function more than(prenominal) efficiently in a social world. adept function of human interaction is the big businessman to make rapid assessments active different state. We often form impressions more or lesswhat people deep down seconds of meeting them. Impressions of mortalality form quickly and easily. It is quite hard to lug our impression of a mortal once it has been formed in our minds. These impressions form automatically and instantly provide us with important learning about differents. Then, this information provides us with a erectation on which we make to boot judgments and effectuate future berths about an individual.This ability to form rapid impressions of people is neither bad nor well(p). According to Asch (1946), it is simply a precondition of social life. Concerning social psychologists in special(a) are questions catching the manner in which our impressions of other people are established, and what are the principles that regulate the formation of these impressions.It has been open in social psychological research, that impressions of ainity stick out be persuaded by trusted cognitive twistes. An excellent example of a cognitive bias that orders our information of genius of others is the halo effect. The halo effect is a cognitive bias that occurs when the apprehension of one property of a someone or aim influences the perception of some other trait or tenfold traits. Thorndike (1920) was the first to hold out the theory of the halo effect apply empirical research. Commanding officers were asked to habituate a evaluati on scurf to assess traits of their soldiers. The results of his study showed a racy cross-cor affinity between positive and negative traits (Thorndike, 1920), which suggests that people do non regard of others in mixed terms, and rather as generally good or bad across different categories of measurement.Primarily, the halo effect biases our perception with a tendency to focus mainly on the good. A determinate example would be judging a good-looking person as more sociable or more intelligent. A nonher example would be perceiving an individuals constitution otherwise based on information presumption about that person. This includes influencing expectations of a nonher person through the use of habitual adjectives. An overwhelming amount of research set ups the notion that describing a strangers personality using particular spoken language throne importantly affect the way that person is perceived by others (Asche, 1946 mensh Wishner 1947 Kelley, 1950 Biggs McAllaster 1981 Widmeyer Loy, 1988). A strangers disposition can be perceived to pit up to the personality traits previously stated, despite the substantial nature of the person. powerful Social Psychological ResearchOver sixty years ago, Asch (1946) show that certain labels can affect the entire impression of a person. Asch discover a list of adjectives which were supposed to describe a supposed person. His disciplines who were all college students (mostly women) were then asked to characterize that person. Asch found that by simply using standardized adjectives representing central qualities, such as limber up and polar, he could influence the definitions precondition by subjects about the personality of a hypothetic person. However, it was in addition found that including course to describe peripheral qualities, including terms such as genteel or blunt, did not have a significant effect on subjects perceptions of the personality of the hypothetical person.A number of the Asch experiments were replicated by Mensh and Wishner (1947) to see if the results of Aschs experiment were population specific. In their study, they used subjects that were a mix of two male and womanish students. Furthermore, they took measures to make sure that subjects were graduate and undergraduate students, and they besides selected subjects from different geographical locations. Despite Mensh and Wishners varietys to Aschs experiments, the findings in Aschs study were efficaciously confirmed and reinforced by Mensh and Wishner (1947).Aschs experimental work was also extended by Kelley (1950) who portrayd that the heartily/ chilliness manipulation extends to actual people, as well. That is, Kelley found that this warm/ heatless-blooded manipulation effected subjects perception of a person with whom they had actually encountered, instead of just a hypothetical person whom they had never met. In Kelleys study, a man posing as node call on the carpetr was introduced to s ubjects in a unbiassed manner. Later, one of both origins about the comment person were randomly distributed to subjects. One note chase awayed a description of him as creation rather warm, darn the other note described him as rather cold. Then, the thickening rider proceeded to give a 20-min news to the subjects, while the verbal interaction that between the subjects and the input person was recorded. The recording of the subjects interaction with the instructor was smart, because correspond to Kelley (1950), no previous studies describe had dealt with the importance of first impressions for behavior (Kelley, 1950). After the discussion, subjects were asked to rate the personality of the input person on 15 different scales that were pre reckond. In addition to valuation the stimulant person, subjects were also asked to write free descriptions of him, as well. It was by law-abiding the interaction between the subjects and the foreplay person that Kelley found sup port for the autistic hostility hypothesis (Newcomb, 1947). The autistic hostility hypothesis states that when someone perceives another individual as cold, that person will limit his or her interactions with the cold person. It was observed by Kelley that students who were in the warm conference engaged in discussions more freely and more frequently than those in the cold crowd (Kelley, 1950).Like Asch, Kelley found that subjects total impression of a person is significantly influenced by the attribution of a central quality such as partiality. Kelleys results showed that subjects who were given preinformation describing him as warm, gave him consistently better ratings on multiple personal attributes than did those who were given preinformation describing the stimulant person as cold. Furthermore, Kelly found that 56% of the warm subjects actively participated in the discussion, as impertinent to only 32% of the cold subjects.These studies conducted by Kelley (1950) and Asch (1946) are important because they were both novel and influential. Their early studies randy a considerable amount of research concerning the perception of people, specifically a study by Widmeyer Loy (1988). They designed their study with the primary intent to determine whether or not Kelleys warm/cold effect could be replicated in a classroom setting 35 years subsequently. more specifically, they examined the effectuate of warm/cold manipulation on first impressions of individuals and their belief ability.In Widmeyer Loys study (1988), a man posing as a guest lecturer gave a neutral lecture to 140 male and century female college students. Before the lecture, as in Kelleys study, forms were randomly distributed to subjects describing the instructor. One one-half of the group received information describing him as rather cold, while the other group received information describing him as rather warm. To half of each of these groups, the stimulus person was said to teach physi cal didactics, while the other half of these groups were told that he taught social psychology classes. Following the stimulus persons 40-min lecture, subjects evaluated his personality and teaching ability though a Likert scale and through redundant written comments. Results showed that subjects who were told the stimulus person was rather warm rated his personality and his teaching ability more positively than did subjects who were told he was rather cold. Additionally, it was found that the manipulations of both disciplinal experimental condition of the instructor and the sex of the subjects had no significant influence on subjects ratings of the stimulus persons teaching ability.Research done by Asch, Kelley, and others is strongly supported by the findings of a similar study conducted by Biggs McAllaster using warm/cold manipulation (1981). In this study, it was found that subjects who were told that a guest lecturer was warm tended to evaluate that person as more access ible than subjects who were led to believe he or she was cold. Additionally, the use of the neutral group (one that was told that the speaker was neither warm nor cold) also helped to reinforce the findings of Asch (Biggs McAllaster, 1981), which will be discussed in further depth along with some raise novel occurrences within the experiment.Critical Review of ResearchThe studies conducted by Asch, Mensh Wishner, Kelley, Biggs McAllaster, and Widmeyer Loy are similar in slipway that link them together and give them the ability to use modifications in order to add to existing research. It is because of these modifications that they all contain important differences that extend the level of research to a new level. One important similarity is that they use all warm/cold modification to discover if subjects total impression of a person is influenced by the attribution of a central quality such as warmth or coldness. All studies found that this modification of adjectives did affe ct the way the stimulus person was perceived by subjects. Additionally, four out of the five studies use a male as a stimulus person. Interestingly, Biggs McAllister (1981) intentionally uses him or her when discussing the stimulus person. This raises an important question regarding the sex of the stimulus person. Would subjects rating across multiple distinctives such as personality and teaching ability differ if the stimulus person used was a female? It capability be interesting to see how a female instructor might be rated by female subjects, and also by male subjects, as well.Another discrepancy of this experiment might seek to investigate the aloofness of the description of the instructor provided to the subjects. It might be interesting to examine whether a longer description would increase or decrease the differences between the cold ratings and the warm ratings. In a longer description, for example, the word warm or cold might be glossed over given the larger amount of information cosmos provided or ultimately missed all together. It is possible, however, that people might accidently articulate only certain words that help them to form an impression of the stimulus person due to an overload of too much information. Varying the distance of the description could be another possible modification of these experiments.It should also be renowned that while the study conducted by Asch (1946) found that the use of interchangeable adjectives could influence the descriptions given by subjects about the personality of a hypothetical person, Kelley (1950) found that this warm/cold manipulation effected subjects perception of a person with whom they had actually encountered, instead of just a hypothetical person. Furthermore, as mentioned earlier, no previous studies reported had dealt with the importance of first impressions for behavior according to Kelley (1950). This do Kelleys recording of the subjects interaction with the instructor quite novel, as it had not been reported to have been done by a previous study.Widmeyer Loy (1988) sought-after(a) to modify and extend Kelleys work in three specific ways which will be discussed below. Since Kelleys study only examined teaching performance indirectly by looking at whether the observers expectation of the instructor was favorable or not, Widmeyer Loy tried to determine whether warm/cold manipulation would affect subjects impression of the instructors teaching ability specifically.Secondly, according to Wilson (1968), an instructors perceived status has an influence on subjects perception of an instructor. For example, physical education is likely to be seen as being little academically prestigious than other disciplines that are more traditionalistic (Seater Jacobson, 1976). These finding were of particular interest to Widmeyer Loy who wanted to determine whether the labels of physical education professor and social psychology professor would have different influences on subj ects judgments on an instructors teaching performance, and on their central and peripheral personality traits, respectively. They found, however, that the disciplinary status of the instructor had no significant effect on subjects ratings of the stimulus person.Thirdly, based on evidence that suggests male and female college students assess college-level instructors differently (Lombardo Tocci, 1979), Widmeyer Loy were interested in the sex of the subjects. The subjects in Aschs study were mostly female college students, while Kelleys study included only male college students. Just as Biggs McAllister intentionally used gender-neutral terms when discussing the stimulus person, the sex of the subjects was also went unreported. Widmeyer Loy specifically made efforts to determine if male and female subjects were influenced differently by the preinformation given about the instructor, in regards to the warm/cold variable, by using a mixture of both male and female college students a s subjects. It should be noted that Mensh Wishner (1947), seeking to extend on the original research of Asch, also used subjects that were a mix of both male and female students, but despite their modifications to Aschs experiments, the findings in Mensh Wishner showed that subject sex had significant influence on subjects impression of the stimulus person.Despite the finding that the manipulations of disciplinary status and the sex of subjects has no significant effect on subject ratings (Widmeyer Loy, 1988), effects were found in regard to perceptions of personality and perceptions of teaching ability. In regard to the warm/cold manipulation, significant effects were reported. More specifically, subjects who were told that the stimulus person was warm, perceived him (with regard to personality) as less unpleasant, more sociable, less irritable, less ruthless, more humorous, less formal, and more human compared to subjects to were led to believe that has was a cold person (Widme yer Loy, 1988). Additionally, in regard to perceptions of teaching ability, it was found that subjects who were told that the stimulus person was rather warm perceived him to be more intelligent, more interesting, more considerate of the class, and more knowledgeable of his material than subjects who were given information that the instructor was cold.These findings strongly support previous research in a number of ways. First, they confirm the hypothesis that the attribution of the central quality of warmth greatly influences the overall impression of subjects on the personality of the instructor. These results also tot up support to Kelleys observation that the size of this effect seems to depend upon the closeness of relation between the specific dimension of any given rating scale and the central quality of warmth or coldness (Kelley, 1950). In other words, it was asseverate by Kelley that the warm/cold manipulation does not have an fitted influence on all variables. In the studies conducted by Asch, Kelly, Biggs McAllastar, and Widmeyer Loy found that being sociable, humorous and considerate were positively related to warmth, while being imperial ruthless and irritable were negatively related to warmth. It was also found that being proud, self-assured and dominant were not related to warmth at all. The find that the warm/cold manipulation affects the ratings of some characteristics more than others supports an assertion made by Kelley concerning the extent of the halos effects influence. Kelley states that, the effect cannot be explained altogether on the basis of a simple halo effect (Kelley, 1950). The pattern found by Widmeyer Loy with regard to the differential effects across 12 common scales is similar to the patterns found by both Asch Kelley. This pattern lends support to the score given by Kelley of how the effect is dependent on the closeness of the characteristic being rated to the quality of warmth (Kelley, 1950). Any discrepancies i n the findings of Widmeyer Loy that do not parallel the patterns in the other studies, lend support to an idea maintain by Mensh Wishners (1947) that depending on the context, the strength of the effect of the warm/cold manipulation can vary. For example, formality was not related to warmth in Widmeyer Loy, while it was related in Kelleys investigation.Biggs McAllister (1981). Using warm/cold manipulation, subjects who were told that a guest lecturer was warm tended to evaluate that person as more favorable than subjects who were led to believe he or she was cold. Additionally, the use of the neutral group (one that was told that the speaker was neither warm nor cold) also helped to reinforce the findings of Asch (Biggs McAllister, 1981). More specifically, the warm/cold comparison made it possible for Biggs McAllister to replicate Kelleys experiment, while the addition of the neutral group allowed them to make sure that other words in the biography were not contributing to d ifferences in the evaluations between the warm and cold groups, as Asch did in his study.Something else that should be taken into consideration is the lecture or discussion led by the stimulus person. In Asch and Mensh Wishners experiments the person described was merely hypothetical, so thither was no lecture or discussion. In Biggs McAllisters (1981) study, the stimulus person used was real as opposed to hypothetical. This stimulus person gave a lecture as opposed to an interactive discussion, but not amount of time was reported regarding the length of the lecture given. In Kelleys experiment, the stimulus person led the class in a 20-min discussion and subject verbal interaction was recorded. In Widmeyer Loys experiment, however, the stimulus person gave a 40-min lecture to the subjects, and there was no reported subject interaction with the lecturer. Discussions can vary in formality and the comfort-level of the atmosphere can be influenced, while lectures do not tend to vary as much in these respects. It could be possible that one of these conditions could be easier or harder for the stimulus to demonstrate intelligence and knowledge of the subject. Also, it may be the topic that subject interaction with the instructor could provide a different bottom on which subjects base personality ratings and ratings regarding teaching ability.As previously mention, there were some interesting occurrences within the Biggs McAllaster (1981) experiment. There were two occurrences in particular that should be noted. First, some students realized later, after talking to each other, that some descriptions of the instructor contained the world warm, while others contained the word cold. What was interesting, though, was that one subject later told the instructor that the cold groups description of contained words such as iniquitous and unforgiving, as well as other negative thing that were not included in the description. It seems that in the perception of the instr uctors personality, the word cold became feature with extra negative characteristics. The second occurrence to be noted is that one individual from the class felt that she did not have sufficient information to rate the instructor. Her refusal to finish the questionnaire was turned into a positive point of discussion in this study because it demonstrated that her decision regarding the personality of the instructor did not have to be made based solely on the information that was provided.ConclusionEach of these studies replicates, modifies, and/or extends the original Asch study pertaining to warm/cold manipulation in a variety of ways. They all lend support to hypothesis that a subject who is told that another person, whether real or hypothetical, is warm will tend to evaluate the stimulus person more favourably than another person who is led to believe he or she is cold. These studies demonstrate how easily first impressions are formed despite limited or even invalid information . Additionally, the experiments can be used to discuss trait theories of personality perhaps and why it would be important to be heedful when make predictions based on single traits. Furthermore, the error in light referred to as the halo effect can be pointed out since the jurist is making generalizations about a person from a single personality trait. It is noteworthy that personality characteristics as well as teaching abilities can be influenced by the halo effect. By being perceived as a warm person, an instructor would be able to influence students rating of his or her personality as well as teaching abilities. When considering the contribution that students evaluations of their instructors play in regard to tenure and promotions, these findings have considerable implications within the educations system. Teachers who would like to get ahead, for example, should present themselves being warm. It is possible that students expectations of professors can be influenced by stude nt ratings. These expectations can, in turn, have an influence on the attitude and behavior of the instructor. Thus, these studies have significant educational implications.

Economic Factors Affecting UK Non League Football Clubs

frugal Factors Affecting UK Non League Footb simply ClubsAn investigation of the frugal factors touch the m sensationymaking(prenominal)-grade success and sustainability of UK non federation football game conjunctionsIntroductionFootball beau mondes argon traditionally non the strongest or some profit equal to(p) occupancyes. This is supported by Deloittes (2007) annual report into the state of football finance, which stated that, outside of the phase modulation League, UK football as an fabrication recorded a net operating(a) loss. Even in the prime(a) League, where clubs benefit from full(prenominal)er aims of sponsorship, media exposure and TV tax enhancements, four clubs posted an operating loss in the 2005 / 2006 season. This implies that, the lower the class a club is in, the harder it is for them to pull round and depart technicalised-gradely sustainable, let but successful. Indeed, in that respect is an argument that umpteen football clubs go aw ay non survive without some form of outside monetary support, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as a rich benefactor or owner. However, with increasing pressure from fans to sp block silver on securing the outmatch participants and challenging for success, whilst non increasing ticket prices to round top whatever additional expenditure, m any(prenominal) wealthy transmission linemen, and even multi millionaires, atomic number 18 decision that bankrolling a football club is beyond their means. This is reflected in the view of Henk Potts, a strategist at Barclays who claims that Any business model that revolves around 11 over remunerative players kicking a piece of dead cow around on a wet November evening is no place to install your cash (Tomlinson, 2004).Issues such as these are exacerbated at the non union level. Not only must non league clubs put up with similar demands for success, but they some(prenominal) honor themselves within the catchment area of a league, or even Premier League, club. In addition, with the rise of cable and satellite television, many muckle who would gift previously watched their local non league teams on a regular rump mickle now choose to watch a variety of league matches from the comfort of their own home. This has put downward pressure on at functionances for a number of non league clubs, making it even harder for them to survive and succeed. Ashford Town is a prime subject of such a struggling club. As nooky be seen from the six years of accounts in the appendix, Ashford Towns level of debt has increased from less than 40,000 at the end of 2002 to more than 90,000 at the end of 2007. In the same period, the clubs losses, and then net worth, has adjudicate to -70,000, with the club posting a net loss in every(prenominal) single one of the last six years.Attempting to process issues such as these is something which has been the subject of meaning(a) amounts of search and discussion over the past fewer decades. As such, this dissertation result not exploit to r apiece a solution to all of the numerous issues affecting the modern UK football industry. Instead, it give attempt to tally the terminus to which contemporary anxiety theories and techniques screw be utilize by non league football clubs aiming to improve their sustainability. This aspect has been elect beca practise, in spite of the signifi screwingt amount of investigate carried out into the sustainability of football as a business model, in that respect has been junior-grade attention paid to smaller non league clubs. As such, the initial investigation give stand for a detailed and structured review of the surviveing literary works, around how the commercialisation of football has essential and what useful lessons this can exit. This go away be followed up by a questionnaire peck of ten non league football clubs, including Ashford Town, to determine the extent to which they stimulate followed contem porary business practices, and the extent to which verbalise practices tolerate aided their commercial sustainability. Finally, the results of these investigations allow be used to attempt to put together a business plan for Ashford Town, in an attempt to picture how the club whitethorn be able to turn its current, loss making, proceeding around.Aim and objectivesAs discussed above, the main aim of this dissertation will be to carry out an investigation of the economic factors which repair on the commercial success and sustainability of non league football clubs in the UK, and how contemporary watchfulness theories may be able to facilitate in boosting said success. In recognise to give this, it will be obligatory to examine how football has developed as a commercial enterprise, and how this has impacted on the divisions of gross and benefit within the industry. As discriminate of this, it would be useful to disassemble the main revenue streams of football clubs, as easily as the main separate of their cost base, and how these can scoop out be managed. One of the main sources of revenue for approximately clubs will belike be gate receipts, however many clubs will likely actualize a significant amount of revenue from marketing, commercial activities, and sponsorship, dissolveicularly in the upper leagues where commercial opportunities are likely to be thumpingr. However, it is expect that commercial and marketing opportunities will also exist in the lower leagues, and even for non league sides. As such, this piece will also ask the extent to which non league teams take advantage of these opportunities, as intimately as the penury to practise for factors such as on pitch doing and success, with the associated potential prize money and increased takings.The succeeding(a) objectives will be addressed as part of this tuitionTo measure out the factors which underlie the commercial success of football clubs, and hence also the factors which could cover to clubs going into administration, and potentially ceasing to exist.To examine some of the most successful football clubs and football business practices in the UK, and identify how these clubs and practices can contribute to maintaining commercial sustainability.To examine the extent to which contemporary models of business organisation and competitive dodging are relevant to football clubs.To identify and analyse the role panoptic(a)er business opportunities can play in increasing the stability of football clubs.To identify areas of monetary savings and cost efficiency which can be used by football clubs without adversely affecting their on pitch performance.It is expected that, in answering these objectives through the literature and capital research, commensurate keenness will be obtained to allow the formulation of conclusions and recommendations for non league football clubs deprivation to boost their income, or control their cost. These conclusions and recommendations will be used to analyse the commercial business potential of Ashford Town, as a key example of a struggling non league football club. As such, part of the closing report will include recommendations for inclusion into sustainable business plans dilate how the club can learn from separatewise clubs, and economic and management theories, to catch future economic stability. Ideally, in addressing the discordant objectives above, and flavor at the current performance of Ashford Town, it should be possible to gain an understanding of the critical factors which can affect the commercial sustainability of the football club. As such, the findings can then(prenominal) be applied to Ashford Town, servicinging to contribute to the recommendations around the formation of a sustainable business plan.MethodologyResearch is delimitate as the collection of selective information in show to answer research questions or address research objectives. As this obviously presents a significant range of potential entropy to collect, and numerous ways to collect it, there are several(a) defined theoretical appeales, the most important of which will be assessed in this section. These are action research, surveys, case studies, experimentation, grounded theory and ethnography (Saunders et al, 2007). The first of these, action research, involves tecs actively collaborating and working with practitioners in their chosen field in order to investigate a well defined issue or problem, with the aim of finding practical solutions to said issue. As such, action research is a extremely snarled research methodology, which enables researchers to examine an issue in significant judiciousness, analyze the root causes and creating detailed cause and exploit chains. However, it can cause the researcher to have too narrow a focus when examining the problem, leading them to switch off contributing factors from outside their field of study. Indeed, in a study su ch as this one, where the aim is to determine what the factors affecting football club commercial success are, action research is likely to be unsuitable.Surveys, on the opposite hand, are more often used for descriptive and exploratory research, as they enable the researcher to cover a wide scope and thus involve recommendations for future research and study. In addition, surveys allow researchers to collect significant amounts of deuce soft and quantitative selective information, thus supporting a broad range of soft and quantitative summary techniques. This is because surveys can include questionnaires and confused types of interviews. Of course, the counter to this is that the broad r from each one of surveys makes it hard for researchers to gain much cognition to their research, and surveys are unlikely to reveal the root causes of the phenomena they distinguish. Case studies represent something of a middle ground, combining the top hat aspects of action research and surveys, and thus allowing for twain judiciousness and breadth to be obtained. This is because they carry out research at a distance from an organisation, thus canceling the researcher becoming too involved with the organisation, and developing a narrow view. However, the attempt to achieve two depth and breadth means that the research will not actually achieve full depth or full breadth, rather it will fall somewhere in among (Saunders et al, 2007).The other three approaches, experimentation, grounded theory and ethnography, do not actually refer to the collection of data, but to the methods used to determine and categorise said data. Of these, experimentation is based on setting up specific scenarios, in order to determine how said scenarios occur, and then equivalence the results to theoretical predictions. As part of this, certain foreign factors can be controlled, whilst others are allowed to vary, hence making it easier to observe and categorise certain factors as ei ther causative or non causative, and also to rank the impact of each factor. Unfortunately, such experiments are often grueling to set up, particularly when attempting to observe large and complicated phenomena. In addition, there is an argument that the level of control implied in experimentation creates unrealistic environments, within which individuals do not have as they do when not world observed or where nothing is controlled (Saunders et al, 2007). In contrast, grounded theory focuses on observing scenarios naturally, observing what the factors are affecting said scenario, and attempting to use theoretical perspectives to explain what occurs. These theoretical perspectives are then tested against other scenarios, and refined until they describe the doings of the phenomenon as well as possible.Finally, ethnography is more inductive, and involves simply observed the phenomenon, flavor at the factors which have combined to cause it, and attempting to decide which key facto rs and behaviours have caused the phenomenon to transport as it did. In contrast to grounded theory, ethnography does not attempt to objectively define the various factors and theoretical models affecting an observed phenomenon. Instead, ethnography cerebrate on the qualitative effects which both the factors and the individuals concerned have on a phenomenon, and also looks at the perceptions the actors have of the key causal factors (Saunders et al, 2007). In this case, because this dissertation is attempting to analyse a more general phenomenon, the factors affecting the commercial success of football clubs, a broad research perspective should be taken. As such, this piece will use a survey, to attend butt on and investigate said factors, as well as using a limited case study of Ashford Town, to examine the factors which specifically impact on this club. Ethnography will be used as a command principle when analysing the results and attempting to determine which factors are mo st important to non league football clubs. This is because football clubs are not renowned for their use of specific management theory and techniques, and hence any attempt to directly fit their behaviour to the theory would likely harm the relevance of the results to other clubs looking to make use of them. In addition, the nature of football, where success is defined by on pitch results rather than profitability, means that lively theory is unlikely to be an exact fit to the football context. As such, ethnography will be used to help explain the techniques used, and how these could fit to management theory and observations.The surveys themselves will include both a questionnaire and an interview with the club officials, either the club Secretary or Chairman, regarding the commercial realities confronting the club, as well as the existing financial situation including any handouts from wealthy club benefactors, loans, grants, and sponsorship. Unfortunately, details of the income a nd revenue streams are not available, and thus it is impossible to complete a full and detailed compend of income streams and expenditure analysis, with the exception of those of Ashford Town. As such, the findings will be used to analyse the revenue and costs of Ashford Town, with the aim being to assist in assessing the clubs general position and whether it is under performing, or whether a business and financial saturation point has been reached. Given that only the financial accounts, and not the management accounts, of Ashford Town are available, detailed analysis of the revenue streams and costs will not be possible. As such, and as discussed above, the quality and depth of data is likely to limit the extent to which specific recommendations can be made.In addition, this dissertation will attempt to make use of both qualitative and quantitative data, as both of these types of data can make positive contributions to a study. Qualitative data methods aim to gather data which i s challenging to represent in a numerical form. As such, qualitative data gathering bleeds to focus more on request people their opinion around certain topics, as well as their perceptions of various factors. As such, qualitative data tends to be richer than its quantitative equivalent, although it is ordinarily not as easy to analyse and represent it in graphical forms or through statistical analysis techniques. This is because qualitative data can help to explain why relationships occur between data, as well as helping to explain relationships that are not as unclear when examined from a quantitative point of view. In contrast, quantitative data collection methods tend to based on simply gathering and analysing quantitative observations and data, or data which can be represented in a numerical form. This is usually achieved through actually observing quantifiable phenomena, such as the wampum made by football clubs or the number of clubs going into administration. However, it can also be gathered by asking individuals to assess qualitative factors from a quantitative point of view, such as by asking them to rank factors on a Likert scale, like the importance of their sources of income (Saunders et al, 2007). As a result, whilst this piece will look to use some quantitative data, the uncomplicated research and data analysis will be performed via qualitative data, analysis, and interpretation.As a consequence of the above discussion, this dissertation will use one main method of primary data collection, and one secondary method, to address the research questions. This will thus help increase the value of the dissertation, by providing more depth and insight to the analysis, as well as allowing triangulation with the results from the literature review, which will increase the validity of any conclusions and recommendations (Saunders et al, 2007). The main method of primary data collection will be the questionnaire survey of ten non league football clubs. T his data will be used to assess the various factors impacting on these clubs, and their relative importance, as well as looking at the key income streams and costs incurred by the various clubs. As such, this data will be both qualitative and quantitative, and will act as the survey part of the methodology. The secondary set of primary data will be obtained from the financial accounts of Ashford Town, which will be provided. Whilst these accounts are not likely to be very detailed, they will help add depth to the study, and will set up the actual financial situation the club is in as well as help contextualise the possible additional revenue streams the club is able to generate. As such, this section will represent the case study part of the study, whilst being driven and directed by the results of the survey discussed above. This will enable the provision of additional depth, through an in depth look at the actual accounts of a non league football club. This will help provide the lofty rest period of breadth and depth.In addition, the collection of data from two distinct sources, the internal survey of staff and the financial results intended for external use, will help create a more accurate and commutative triangulation between the various results, as well as a bump analysis of the factors underlying them. This cross sectional data collection and analysis is critical in facilitating the use of both quantitative and qualitative analysis, as discussed above, and will help to further increase the value and the academic impact of this dissertation. However, given that commercial sustainability is not a concept which can be easily described through simple quantitative data, the qualitative part of the report is likely to be more important when attempting to determine the factors which underlie the commercial success and sustainability of non league football clubs.Regarding the sample size, it was necessary to find a balance between the need to have a large sample size, and the need to maintain a manageable quantity of data, as well as to fit all of the data collection and analysis in what is a very short period of time. As such, it was distinguishable to collect data from just ten selected non league football clubs. These clubs are Ashford Town FC, Bromley FC, Burscough FC, Chatham Town FC, Corinthians FC, Croydon Athletic FC, Dartford FC, Ebbsfleet United FC, Whitstable FC and AFC Wim. These clubs have been selected as they were most responsive to initial attempts to contact them, and are also within middling remainder geographic proximity thus making the collection of data somewhat simpler. As such, they also represent teams from a fairly close geographic area, and thus should be affected by similar factors and economic effects. When carrying out questionnaires with the clubs, no club requested complete anonymity, and indeed all expresses an interest in seeing the final results of the study to see if it would be of use to them in determining how to best improve their business performance and sustainability. As each questionnaire is relatively straightforward, it was decided to only use one questionnaire for each club, to keep the data set simple and consistent.In order to analyse the qualitative data which is produced from the surveys, it will be necessary to use a research strategy to interpret and validate the data. Positivism has been selected as the research strategy for this piece because, of the four main research philosophies, or paradigms, which can be used to guide and interpret qualitative research, positiveness is the one which is most concerned with the facts, rather than the impressions arising from the research (Saunders et al, 2007). This makes positivism ideal for analysing the subject of wellness and safety in the rock oil colour color industry, as this can be an emotive and important issue for many workers in the oil industry, as has been shown in the literature review. As such, it wil l be necessary to avoid forming impressions when carrying out the research, and particularly when analysing the results of the questionnaires. Positivism can help avoid such subjectivity by ensuring that the researcher takes a scientific approach to the research, and minimises the impact of impressions and judgements. Indeed, positivism is based in the original work of Comte, who argued that knowledge can only even be relative, and hence will of all time be affected by the method used to gather it (Sellars, 1939). This implies that any attempt to interpret the motivations of a respondent in a research project will be affected by the method of data collection, and thus will be blurred. As such, the researcher should conpennyrate solely on the observed facts, rather than attempting to contextualise or rationalise their observations.However, the main disadvantage of positivism is that, simply be observing or recording an event, such as someones views on health and safety, can tend to i nfluence the motivations of the subject, and hence their responses. As a researcher using a positivist paradigm cannot speculate on any potential diverges in motivation, this may mean that the actions observed will not be exclusively consistent with the actual behaviour in the absence of observation. For example, if a elderberry bush manager at an oil company were asked their opinion nearly health and safety legislation, they may give a different answer to their unbent opinion of the subject, as they may feel that their public persona necessarily to be displayed in a certain way. This can hopefully be avoided, to a certain ground level, in the questionnaires by not revealing the overall purpose of the survey assuring the respondent of nonsubjectiveity and ensuring that the questionnaire is as neutral as possible. This is based on the argument that if the subject is unaware of what their responses will be used for, they will be less likely to change their behaviour accordingly .Caldwell (1980) also argues that the face that positivism is based on observations, and not on the fundamental motivations behind said observations, means that it is incompatible with financial and economic viewpoints. This is because economics is based on the study of peoples motivations and decisions in situations where everyone is seen as either a buyer or supplier, and hence everyone acts according to a motivation. For example, when asked if they would prefer additional health and safety legislation, oil executives would naturally answer no, as the cost of compliance would decrease their profits. This occurs because the oil executives salary depends on their financial performance, hence they are motivated to avoid anything which may have a negative effect on said performance. Whilst this incompatibility and bias has not been empirically be Caldwell (1980, p. 53) argues that it has been sufficiently robust to cause many contemporary analysts to turn to election approaches. Thi s implies that such factors need to be addressed when constructing the questionnaires, and that questions which will have an indwelling connection to, or dependence or, economic and financial factors should be avoided. This implies that, as discussed above, the financial impacts of the health and safety legislation will need to be studied as a secondary priority.Literature ReviewThe autobiography of professional football and commercialismWray (1982) argues that the late golf-clubteenth century, when significant wealth were brought into the UK by the Industrial R ontogeny and during the Victorian era, was the start of true commercialisation of sport in the UK. This assessment is based on a study of the economics of the gate receipts taken by the football industry in Scotland between 1890 and 1914. This analysis showed that, not only were some entrepreneurs looking to profit from football by commercialising its, but others were looking to do so with the aim of winning more matches, tournaments and hence glory and status. Indeed, whilst the majority of the companies involving themselves in sports such as cycling and horse racing were simply looking to use the sport to create wealth for themselves and their shareholders, the majority of football clubs in Scotland were converted to business principles purely to enhance sporting success. As such, effected profit and shareholder service maximisation goals arguably applied much more to other sports than to football, where supporter utility maximisation took precedence. However, Wray (1982) also claims that there was a significant focus on supporter and team utility in other team sports such as cricket, and this was again referable to the motives behind the owners, directors and shareholders in many cricket teams. It appears that the British affinity with sports such as football and cricket meant that they developed with the aim of satisfying the fans, whilst the other sports, with less of a spectator following, developed more with the aim of providing financial returns.In addition, the drive towards commercialisation, and in an attempt to assure competitive success, Wilders (1976) inform that, in 1976, all the 92 clubs in the face League, except for Nottingham Forest, had become limited liability companies. This allowed the owners to spend large amounts of money with no concern of debtors looking to their personal funds should the club fail to break even. In addition, of those companies, more than half the boards of directors held enough shares to make it virtually impossible for the other shareholders to outvote them on any matter. In particular, in 1967, Wilders (1976) reported that there were 22 clubs where the chairman and board of directors owned more than half of the shares and a further 55 where the board of directors owned over 25 per cent of the shares. In addition to this, in more than a third of said clubs approval was required by the board of directors if anyone wished to se ll their shares. As such, the diffusion of shares changed very little as the game commercialised, and the clubs continued to be cash in ones chips for the benefit of the directors and chairman, with ordinary shareholders having very little say in the caterpillar track of the clubs or the returns they earned on their investment.Sloan (1969) also argues that footballs commercial development was driven largely by the significant non financial advantages and disadvantages of being employed as a professional footballer. The main argument appears to be that playing football is a source of great enjoyment for a significant number of people, as witnessed by the thousands of amateur and non league sides which support without any financial reward. As such, football tends to give players a degree of satisfaction which few other jobs provide, as well as potentially allowing the best players to become national celebrities, with associated additional income and exposure from activities such a s writing books commenting on other footballers performances and advertising various products and services. In addition, during the initial development of the sport, clubs tended to provide players with houses let at below market rents, as well as giving them significant freedom outside of breeding and match days. In addition, the fact that the season only covers around nine months of the year, excluding internationals, means that players tend to have significant amounts of free time during the summer break, and even when training they often have several hours free each day. This is countered by the fact that players require a high degree of fitness, and will often need to be away from home for several nights if their entry demands it. However, Sloan (1969) concludes that football seems to confer more advantages to players than disadvantages, which has helped to raise the profile of professional and turnout professional football, and thus contribute to the number of players, and hence number of clubs, in the modern game (Sloan, 1969). This obviously places pressure on the market, with it being difficult and expensive for supporters to follow more than one club, hence making it difficult for smaller clubs to attract supporters.However, countering this is the fact that, since early on in the evolution of the English Football League, the transfer system acted to restrict the movement of labour, to an extent that is rarely seen in other industries. The rules of the transfer system state that any player who wishes to appear for a league club must be employed by that club, in the case of professional players, and must be registered with the Football League, as well as the English Football Association. As such, the only way a player may move between clubs is if both clubs and both ruling bodies approve the transfer. As such, this procedure requires both clubs, the player, the Football League and the FA to consent, effectively giving clubs monopolies over the serv ices of their players for the distance of their fixed length contracts. This is a situation which would not be recognized in other industries, and has regularly been compared with trading slaves, with players often having very little say in where their club makes them move (BBC, 2008). Indeed, the fact that transfers almost ever so involve the payment of a fee by the club who the player is joining further enhances the slave trade connotations. As such, whereas most businesses would attempt to attract new employees by offering higher wages or better working conditions, football clubs are forced to offer high wages, better working conditions, and pay a large fee to the club from which they source the new player. Given that the fees have risen from 1,000 in 1905, 10,000 in 1928, 100,000 in 1961, and into the tens of millions by the present day, it is clear that the increased demand for the best players is forcing clubs to devote ever more funds to transfer fees and wages, particular ly when play against other clubs to secure the best players (Sloane, 1969).However, in spite of the multi million nonplus deals which they have been charged with sourcing and carrying out, Wilders (1976) reported that the majority of managers still tended not to have any form of positive training. Indeed, in Wilders (1976) survey of 28 English League managers, 16 managers claimed that they would have benefitted from some sort of business and financial course when carrying out their duties and developing their careers. Wilders (1976) claims that this is not the most surprising aspect, the most surprising aspect is that twelve of the managers surveyed believed that they did not need any formal training, and that their experience as a player would be sufficient to help them discharge their managerial responsibilities. However, this belief that playing experience alone provides sufficient training and skills for the demands of football management is arguably one of the reasons why so many clubs have failed to develop as businesses the skills of professional footballers do not tend to include financial and business dealings, or the need to balance budgets. Indeed, the results of the survey indicated a general belief that the majority of football managers knew about the footballing side of their job, but generally knew very little about the need to manage the financial side of the business. As such, the general belief that the best footballers tend to make the best managers has not necessarily been borne out, with many of the best managers having been mediocre footballers at best. In fact, Wilder (1976) claims that the technical gifts needed to make a footballer can often hinder the effective management of clubs.The rise of commercialisationWhilst commercialisation has been a significant trend in the football industry in the UK for the past few years, its only since the mid-eighties that football in the UK, and the whole of Europe, has truly developed as a major commercial industry. This is evidenced by the fact that, in 1986 the 22 First Division clubs in England had a combined annual tur

Reflecting On Ones Practice Nursing Essay

Reflecting On Ones exercising Nursing EssayStriving to become better at what one does entails reflecting on some(prenominal) the positive things that one has achieved and the drifts committed in the emergence of performing ones duties and responsibilities. Reflective practice focuses on the instruction that has evolved and correcting what has been through with(p) wrong. This essay assesses my master, clinical development through an analytical contemplation factor from a persevering seen in the Emergency Care Centre (ECC), as trip of the holistic health assessment staff. The assessment mannikin utilize in the consultation will be examined, together with theoretical and tell undercoater practice, and how this has helped developed my approach, linking decision- devising and best practice outcomes.Following Gibbs (1988) model of reflection, I shall establish the integration between theory and practice. This model identified six stages complex in musing practice where a t each stage the I would ask my self-importance a number of questions leading to the final stage of an follow through plan. It begins with selecting a critical possibility to reflect upon followed by keen observe and describing of the incident, thusly analyzing my experience. This is followed by interpreting the experience and exploring alternatives leading up to an run plan. This is is a cyclical process which en subjects continual retrospective reflection.II. Reflective formReflective practice has been a key underpinning of qualified nurses since the United land Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) (1992) required them to keep a original portfolio. As professionals, we are accountable for our on difference attainment and self development, providing the best care to our perseverings. To ensure this, we command to focus on our actions and skills to be able to meet the demands of uncomplainings, colleagues and professional bodies. In order to be reflective practitioners, we need to be reflective thinkers. Reflective thinking is thinking that is sensible of its own assumptions and implications as well as being conscious of the reasons and evidence that support the conclusion (Lipman, 2003, p.26). John Dewey defined reflective thinking as an active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or suppose form of fellowship in the light of the grounds that support it and the come on conclusion to which it tends (cited in Martin, 1995, p.167). Reflective thinking leads one to be to a greater extent self-aware so he lot develop new fellowship about professional practice.Reflective practice has been recognised to be an main(prenominal) withall for professional development. Rowls and Swick (2000) agree and observed that practitioners who regularly reflected enabled them to develop their skills and the flair they deal with patients. Schunk and Zimmerman (1998) describe how a self- reflective practice allows us to monitor, estimate and adjust our performance during learning. Adjusting strategies based on assessment on our learning helps to achieve the goal of learning and identifying the activities well suited to our situations (Schunk Zimmerman, 1998). However, practitioners often found the process quite time consuming and there was a great fear of becoming introspective or being critical of oneself alike such(prenominal) in practice. It is likely that one can be too engrossed in his reflection that he gets to neglect the delivery of a great work performance.Schons theory outlines two different types of reflection that buy the farm at different time phases reflection on action (Schon 1983) and reflection in action (Schon 1983). denunciation in action is often referred to the colloquial phrase as thinking on your feet a term used to being able to assess ourselves within a situation, making suspend swops and still keeping a steady flow in the process. Reflection on action is when re flection occurs after the event. This is where the practitioner makes a hand and conscious attempt to act and reflect upon a situation and how it should be handled in the future (Loughran 1996). This means while performing a professional task, and one keeps thinking if what he is doing is right, he is doing reflection-on-action. After the task, he gets to rate what he has done right or wrong, and at that point, he is act in reflection-in-action. I am aware that I practice both kinds in my profession.However ,Fry, Ketteridge and Marshall (2003) seem to take a equilibrise view and define reflection to be an integration of existing fellowship and new knowledge. This implies that as a reflective practitioner, I should always esteem if my current knowledge is still applicable, and in updating myself, should be able to incorporate my new learning with what I already know.My Own PracticeI have been an Emergency Nurse Practitioner for the past 6 eld. My task was mostly seeing patient s in the emergency setting with chela injuries. I took this course to gain merely knowledge and revise what call for to be improved in what I previously learnt during my 15 years as a nurse.Basically, I assess patients with localized paradoxs (i.e, sprained ankles, lacerations, painful joints, venial head injuries etc.). I found it very daunting having to deal with the mortal as a whole again and investigate multiple systems (respiratory, cardiac, muscular, etc). Having tended to(p) tutorials regarding the assessment of these systems using the inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation (IPPA) methods, I was eager to practice what I have learned and felt ready to assess a patient.Reflecting on Ones PracticeIn the tradition of Gibbs (1988) reflective practice, the first step is concentrating on one particular example from my own work experience. One incident that is worth reflecting on was my encounter with a patient with go away-sided toilet table pain. I readyly th ought that the patient was suffering from cardiac white meat pain, barely upon further inquiry, I found out that the patient actually had a recent actors assistant infection which was do by by a GP with antibiotics. The chest infection was resolved, but the patient was left with residuum chest pain. It turns out that it was mild pleuritic chest pain after all.In this incident, I ab initio felt confident in my diagnosis of cardiac chest pain due to my years of experience as an emergency nurse. such(prenominal) vast experience exposed me to a variety of symptoms and its diagnosed illnesses. My confidence similarly came from having attended lavish tutorials regarding the assessment of symptoms manifested by different body systems. Upon teaching the patients notes, the symptom of left-sided chest pain immediately do me conclude that it was cardiac chest pain. I know that merely reading the patients notes is not enough in coming up with conclusive diagnosis. The clinical payg rade may include the basic inspection, palpation (feeling with the hands), percussion (tapping with the fingers), and auscultation (listening) (IPPA) (The Free Dictionary, 2013) contain 65, which is a simple well-validated tool for the assessment of severity in community acquired pneumonia (CAP) is some other essential evaluative method in checking the presence of a deucedly respiratory disease. The Ohio State University College of Medicine (2012) shares its guideline in the use of this approach. CURB is short for checking the patients confusion, gunstock urea northward, respiratory rate, and systolic product line rack. If the patient seems to be delirious or confused, then he is given a score of 1 on the confusion item. If his blood urea nitrogen value is greater or equal to 20 mg/dL, then it overly garners a score of 1. A respiratory rate that is more or equal to 30 breaths/minute is also credited for 1 point. The same is true for the systolic blood mechanical press if it is less than 90 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure less than or equal to 60. If the patient is 65 years disused and above, then it also gains 1 point. Computing all the points, if the patients score is 0 or 1, then he can safely be treated as an outpatient. However, a score of 2 may indicate that he needs closer supervision when receiving outpatient treatment, or he may be recommended for inpatient observation admission. Most of the time if the collated score of the patient is 3, 4 or 5, then this usually means the patient needs to be confined to inpatient treatment (Ohio State University College of Medicine, 2013). Clinical judgment of the professional is necessary for a decision to be do for the patient. (Karmakar Wilsher, 2010).Still other evaluative method in examining the patient is the Pulmonary Embolism rule-out Criteria (PERC) (Hugli et al., 2011). The staring(a)going(a) process it entails determines if there is a potentially life-threatening cause of chest pain whic h may include pulmonary embolus, acute coronary syndrome, aortal dissection or tension penumothorax (King et al., 2012, para.3). If the patients chest pain becomes worse when he is use deep inspiration and recumbency, then it is likely that it is due to a pleuritic cause.With Gibbs reflection model, so far, the first three steps of identifying a critical incident, sight and describing of the incident have already been done. Now comes analyzing my experience. Triage notes stated a 57 year old female who was suffering from left sided chest pain. Observations were blood pressure 184/78, pulse 74, respiratory rate 16, saturations on O2 98%. I had decided to take this patient and perform an assessment on her.The immediate thoughts were of cardiac chest pain as it was stated to be left sided in nature. Since starting the health assessment module the cardiac patient was the system I was least confident in, in the assessment process. I was anxious before seeing the patient. I had conclu ded that she was suffering from a cardiac chest pain, and imagined her to be requiring some form of intervention from the cardiac team. However, when meeting the patient and gaining further medical history it was clear that she was in fact a stable patient with a different kick from my first impression.She had recently been treated for a chest infection by her GP, she had undergone a course of anitbiotics, amoxicillin 500mg for 1 week, after which she had felt a great deal better, but over the following week had been left with a residual left sided chest pain which was worse on deep inspiration. She had initially had an expectorating cough, which had now resolved to an occasional dry cough. After a thorough assessment including IPPA, baseline observations, chest x ray, bloods including D Dimer, full blood count, UEs, cardiac enzymes, and a Wells score to rule out PE, the patient was diagnosed with pleuritic chest pain or pleurisy by the Doctor. (see appendix 1)Initially, I was unc omfortable evaluating the patients condition because it was my first patient with a cardiac problem.Throughout the assessment process I felt queasy with the knowledge that I had initially made a judgement about the patient without even meeting her. It made me revise my approach to patients as a whole and not burst forth to conclusions before all avenues had been investigated. I was humble enough to accept my mistake when it was confirmed that it was a mild pleuritic chest pain, garnering from the education from further examination and history taking. I felt the need to read up on cardiac chest pain and push myself into seeing patients with that particular problem so that I can overcome my apprehensions.Next in Gibbs model is the interpretation of my experience. The interpretation of the patients condition from the initial triage notes made me aware of myself making a judgement before setting eyes on the patient. This refer me and made me question my actions. I understood that I w as nervous and uneasy at the thought of assessing a patient unaccompanied, and with hindsight put too much pressure on myself regarding responsibility and duty of care. I recognised the need for me to understand that I was gaining knowledge and skills as part of the degree module that I was completing, this didnt require me to diagnose the clinical conditions of the patients, but facilitated in the learning process of assessment skills and putting into place ideas of diagnosis / differential diagnosis. It also made me reflect on my thought processes regarding making snap judgements without gaining further information.The last stage in Gibbs model entails creating an action plan. The experience I have just analyzed made me realize that the current knowledge and experience I currently have are not enough. I need to learn to be more open in my evaluation of the patients symptoms, and hold my judgment until I have completed the necessary information derived from both examination tests a nd consulting the medical history of the patient. The fast rate of change in the medical field necessitates health practitioners like me to constantly modify myself of current trends and the latest methodologies in nursing care. I should also actuate myself all the time that the patients welfare comes way before my own ego in terms of priority.ConclusionThrough reflective evaluation I was able to adjust the way I assessed patients with chest pain. I relaxed well more and let myself enjoy the assessment process. I was able to unite the new skills I had learnt and put in place a methodical process of evaluating differential diagnosis. I understood that the official diagnosis was going to be made by the Doctors mentoring my practice which considerably lessened the pressure I put on myself.Through this reflective process it became spare that good and bad working practice can be monitored and evaluated. Mistakes can be avoided and good working practice can be upheld. Although the fe elings initially were disheartening, support from colleagues and my own learning outcomes have helped me progress and develop my skills of assessment. As Atkins and Murphy (2003) suggest that reflection should be made in multiplication of uncomfortable feelings and thoughts surrounding a situation.