Art Essay

* Art is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including paintings, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. They are two paintings that have been drawn by Dmitry Levitzky in 1773 and by Millais in 1871. The first portrait by Dmitry levitzky is called Nelidova, Ekaterina Ivanovna who she is the daughter of Lieutenant Ivan Dmitrievich Nelidov. She was raised in the Smolny Institute for Young Ladies and was noticed there by Empress Catherine II, who made her a maid of honor to the Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, later Empress, whose husband Emperor Pavel I. She was sincerely attached to him, although their relations were never intimate. She was able to influence Pavel I, preventing some of his unwise decisions and tantrums. She was also a close friend of the Empress Maria Feodorovna. The second portrait by John Everett Millais is called The Martyr of Solway the â€Å"Margaret† depicted by Millais was Margaret Wilson, who was born in 1667 in Glenvernoch in Wigtownshire. She was a young and devout Presbyterian who was a member of the Covenanters, a Scottish Presbyterian movement of the 17th century in Scotland who signed the National Covenant in 1638 to confirm their opposition to the interference by the Stuart kings in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Stuart kings embraced the belief of the Divine Right of the Monarch. However, not only did they believe that God wished them to be the infallible rulers of their kingdom – they also believed that they were the spiritual heads of the Church of Scotland. This latter belief was anathema to the Scots. Their belief was quite simple – no man, not even a king, could be spiritual head of their church. The following piece will demonstrate the differences and similarities between the two images in a compare and a contrast manner. Analyze the fundamental differences. Point out the major mutual points.

The Return: Nightfall Chapter 32

â€Å"Who is it?† a voice was saying from the forest darkness. â€Å"Who's out there?† Bonnie had seldom been as grateful to anyone as she was to Matt for holding on to her. She needed people contact. If she could only bury herself deep enough in other people, she would be safe somehow. She just barely managed not to scream as the dimming flashlight swung onto a surrealistic scene. â€Å"Isobel!† Yes, it really was Isobel, not at the Ridgemont hospital at all, but here in the Old Wood. She was standing at bay, almost naked except for blood and mud. Right here, against this background, she looked like both prey and a sort of forest goddess, a goddess of vengeance, and of hunted things, and of punishment for any being who stood in her way. She was winded, breathing hard, with bubbles of saliva coming out of her mouth, but she wasn't broken. You only had to see her eyes, shining red, to see that. Behind her, stepping on branches and letting loose the occasional grunt or curse, were two other figures, one tall and thin but bulbous on top, and one shorter and stouter. They looked like gnomes trying to follow a wood nymph. â€Å"Dr. Alpert!†Meredith seemed just barely able to sound like her ordinary controlled self. At the same time, Bonnie saw that Isobel's piercings were much worse. She'd lost most of her studs and hoops and needles, but there was blood and, already, pus, coming out of the holes where they had been. â€Å"Don't scare her,† Jim's voice whispered out of the shadows. â€Å"We've been tracking her since we had to stop.† Bonnie could feel Matt, who had drawn in air to shout, suddenly choke it off. She could also see why Jim looked so top-heavy. He was carrying Obaasan, Japanese-style, on his back, with her arms around his neck. Like a backpack, Bonnie thought. â€Å"What happened to you?† Meredith whispered. â€Å"We thought you'd gone to the hospital.† â€Å"Somehow, a tree fell across the road while we were letting you off, and we couldn't get around it to get to the hospital, or anywhere else. Not only that, but it was a tree with a hornet's nest or something inside it. Isobel woke up likethat † – the doctor snapped her fingers – â€Å"and when she heard the hornets she scrambled out and ran from them. We ran after her. I don't mind saying I would have done the same if I'd been alone.† â€Å"Did anybody see these hornets?† Matt asked, after a moment. â€Å"No, it had just turned dark. But we heard them all right. Weirdest thing I ever heard. Sounded like hornet a foot long,† Jim said. Meredith was now squeezing Bonnie's arm from the other side. Whether to keep her silent or to encourage her to speak, Bonnie had no idea. And what could she say? â€Å"Fallen trees here only stay fallen until the policemake the decision to look for them?† â€Å"Oh, and watch out for the hellish streams of bugs as long as your arm?† â€Å"And by the way, there's probably one inside Isobel right now?†That would really freak Jim out. â€Å"If I knew the way back to the boardinghouse, I would drop these three off there,† Mrs. Flowers was saying. â€Å"They're not part of this.† To Bonnie's surprise, Dr. Alpert did not take exception to the statement that she herself was â€Å"not part of it.† Nor did she ask what Mrs. Flowers was doing with the two teenagers out in the Old Wood at this hour. What she said was even more astonishing: â€Å"We saw the lights as you started shouting. It's right back there.† Bonnie felt Matt's muscles tighten up against her. â€Å"Thank God,† he said. And then, slowly, â€Å"But that's not possible. I left the Dunstans' about ten minutes before we met, and that's right on the other side of the Old Wood from the boardinghouse. It would take at least forty-five minutes to walk it.† â€Å"Well, possible or not, we saw the boardinghouse, Theophilia. All the lights were on, from top to bottom. It was impossible to mistake. Are you sure you're not underestimating time?† she added, to Matt. Mrs. Flowers' name is Theophilia, Bonnie thought, and had to curb an urge not to giggle. The tension was getting to her. But just as she was thinking it, Meredith gave her another nudge. Sometimes she thought that she, and Elena, and Meredith had a sort of telepathy with each other. Maybe it wasn't true telepathy, but sometimes just a look, just a glance, could say more than pages and pages of argument. And sometimes – not always, but sometimes – Matt or Stefan would seem to be part of it. Not that it was like real telepathy, with voices as clear in your head as they would be in your ears, but sometimes the boys seemed to be†¦on the girls' channel. Because Bonnie knew exactly what that nudge meant. It meant that Meredith had turned the lamp off in Stefan's room on the top of the house, and that Mrs. Flowers had turned the downstairs lights off as they left. So while Bonnie had a very vivid image of the boardinghouse with lights blazing, that image couldn't be reality, not now. Someone is trying to mess with uswas what Meredith's nudge meant. And Matt was on the same wavelength, even if it was for a different reason. He leaned very slightly back at Meredith, with Bonnie in between. â€Å"But maybe we should head back toward the Dunstans',† Bonnie said in her most babyish, heartrending voice. â€Å"They're just normal people. They could protect us.† â€Å"The boardinghouse is just over that rise,† Dr. Alpert said firmly. â€Å"And I really would appreciate your advice on how to slow down Isobel's infections,† she added to Mrs. Flowers. Mrs. Flowers fluttered. There was no other word for it. â€Å"Oh, goodness, what a compliment. One thing would be to wash the dirt out of the wounds immediately.† This was so obvious and so unlike Mrs. Flowers that Matt squeezed Bonnie hard just as Meredith leaned in on her.Yeehaw! Bonnie thought. Do we have this telepathy thing going or not! So it's Dr. Alpert who's the dangerous one, the liar. â€Å"That's it, then. We head for the boardinghouse,† Meredith said calmly. â€Å"And Bonnie, don't worry. We'll take care of you.† â€Å"We sure will,† Matt said, giving her one last hard squeeze. It meantI get it. I know who's not on our side. Aloud, he added, in a fake stern voice, â€Å"It's no good going to the Dunstans' anyway. I already told Mrs. Flowers and the girls about this, but they've got a daughter who's like Isobel.† â€Å"Piercing herself?† Dr. Alpert said, sounding startled and horrified at the thought. â€Å"No. She's just acting pretty strangely. But it's not a good place.† Squeeze. I got it a long time ago, Bonnie thought in annoyance. I'm supposed to shut up now. â€Å"Lead the way, please,† murmured Mrs. Flowers, seeming more fluttery than ever. â€Å"Back to the boardinghouse.† And they let the doctor and Jim lead the way. Bonnie kept up a mumbling complaint in case anyone was listening. And she, and Matt, and Meredith all kept an eye on the doctor and Jim. â€Å"Okay,† Elena said to Damon, â€Å"I'm dolled up like somebody on the deck of an ocean liner, I'm keyed up like an overstrung guitar, and I'm fed up with all this delay. Soooo†¦what is the truth and the whole truth and nothing but the truth?† She shook her head. Time had skipped and stretched for her. Damon said, â€Å"In a way, we're in a tiny snow globe I made for myself. It just means they won't see or hear us for a few minutes. Now is the time to get the real talking done.† â€Å"So we'd better talk fast.† She smiled at him, encouragingly. She was trying to help him. She knew he needed help. He wanted to tell her the truth, but it was so far against his nature that it was like asking onehell of a wild horse to let you ride it, master it. â€Å"There are more problems,† Damon got out huskily, and she knew he'd read her thoughts. â€Å"They – they tried to make it impossible for me to speak to you about this. They did it in grand old fairy tale style: by making up lots of conditions. I couldn't tell you inside a house, nor could I tell you outside. Well, a widow's walk isn't inside, but you can't say it's outside, either. I couldn't tell you by sunlight or by moonlight. Well, the sun's gone down, and it's another thirty minutes before the moon rises, and I say that that condition is met. And I couldn't tell you while you were clothed or naked.† Elena automatically glanced down at herself in alarm, but nothing had changed as far as she could tell. â€Å"And I figure that that condition is met, too, because even though he swore to me he was letting me out of one of his little snow globes, he didn't do it. We're in a house that's not a house – it's a thought in somebody's mind. You're wearing clothes that aren't real clothes – they're figments of imagination.† Elena opened her mouth again, but he put two fingers to her lips and said, â€Å"Wait. Just let me go on while I still can. I seriously thought that he might never stop with the conditions, which he had picked up out of fairy tale literature. He's obsessed with that, and with old English poetry. I don't know why, because he's from the other side of the world, from Japan. That's who Shinichi is. And he has a twin sister†¦Misao.† Damon stopped breathing hard after that, and Elena figured that there must have been some internal conditions against him telling her. â€Å"He likes it if you translate his name asdeath-first , ornumber one in the matters of death . They're both like teenagers, really, with their codes and their games, and yet they're thousands of years old.† â€Å"Thousands?† Elena prodded gently as Damon coasted to a stop, looking exhausted but determined. â€Å"I hate to think of howmany thousands of years the two of them have been doing mischief. Misao's the one who's been doing all the things to the girls in town. She possesses them with her malach and then she makes the malach make them do things. You remember your American history? The Salem witches? That was Misao, or someone like her. And it's happened hundreds of times before that. You might look up the Ursuline nuns when you're out of this. They were a quiet convent who became exhibitionists and worse – some went mad, and some who tried to help them became possessed.† â€Å"Exhibitionists? Like Tamra? But she's only a child – â€Å" â€Å"Misao's only a child, in her head.† â€Å"And where does Caroline come in?† â€Å"In any case like this, there's got to be an instigator – someone who's willing to bargain with the devil – or a demon, really – for their own ends. That's where Caroline comes in. But for an entire town, they must be giving her something really big.† â€Å"An entire town? They're going to take over Fell's Church†¦?† Damon looked away. The truth was that they were going todestroy Fell's Church, but there was no point in saying that. His hands were loosely fastened around his knees as he sat on a rickety old wooden chair on the widow's walk. â€Å"Before we can do anything to help anyone, we have to get out of here. Out of Shinichi's world. This is important. I can – block him for short periods of time from watching us – but then I get tired and need blood. I need more than you can regenerate, Elena.† He looked up at her. â€Å"He's put Beauty in with the Beast here and he'll leave us to see which one will triumph.† â€Å"If you mean kill the other, he's in for a long wait on my end.† â€Å"That's what you think now. But this is a specially made trap. There'snothing in here except the Old Wood as it was when we started driving around it. It's also minus any other human habitations. Theonly house is this house, the only real living creatures are the two of us. You'll want me dead soon enough.† â€Å"Damon, I don't understand. What do theywant here? Even with what Stefan said about all the ley lines crossing under Fell's Church and making a beacon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It wasyour beacon that drew them, Elena. They're curious, like kids, and I have a feeling that they may already have been in trouble wherever it is they really live. It's possible they were here watching the end of the battle, watching you be reborn.† â€Å"And so they want†¦to destroy us? To have fun? To take over the town and make us puppets?† â€Å"All three, for a while. They could be having fun while someone else pleads their case in a high court in another dimension. And yes, fun, to them, means taking apart a town. Although I believe that Shinichi means to go back on his bargain with me for something he wants more than the town, so they may end up fighting each other.† â€Å"What bargain withyou , Damon?† â€Å"For you. Stefan had you. I wanted you. He wants you.† Despite herself, Elena felt cold pooling in her midriff, felt the distant shaking that began there and worked its way outward. â€Å"And the original bargain was?† He looked away from her. â€Å"This is the bad part.† â€Å"Damon, what have you done?†she cried, almost screaming it.†What was the bargain?† Her whole body was shaking. â€Å"I made a bargain with a demon and, yes, I knew what he was when I did it. It was the night after your friends were attacked by the trees – after Stefan banished me from his room. That and – well, I was angry, but he took my anger and boosted it. He was using me, controlling me; I see that now. That's when he started with the deals and conditions.† â€Å"Damon – † Elena began shakily, but he went on, speaking rapidly as if he had to get through this, to see it to its conclusion, before he lost his nerve. â€Å"The final deal was that he would help me get Stefan out of the way so I could have you, while he got Caroline and the rest of the town to share with his sister. Thus trumping Caroline's bargain for whatever she was getting from Misao.† Elena slapped him. She wasn't sure how she managed, wrapped up as she was, to get a hand free and to make the lightning-fast movement, but she did. And then she waited, watching a bead of blood hanging on his lip, for him to retaliate or for the strength to try to kill him.

Life and work Essay

Brahmagupta is believed to have been born in 598 AD in Bhinmal city in the state of Rajasthan of Northwest India. In ancient times Bhillamala was the seat of power of the Gurjars. His father was Jisnugupta.[2] He likely lived most of his life in Bhillamala (modern Bhinmal in Rajasthan) during the reign (and possibly under the patronage) of King Vyaghramukha.[3] As a result, Brahmagupta is often referred to as Bhillamalacharya, that is, the teacher from Bhillamala. He was the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain, and during his tenure there wrote four texts on mathematics and astronomy: the Cadamekela in 624, the Brahmasphutasiddhanta in 628, the Khandakhadyaka in 665, and the Durkeamynarda in 672. The Brahmasphutasiddhanta (Corrected Treatise of Brahma) is arguably his most famous work. The historian al-Biruni (c. 1050) in his book Tariq al-Hind states that the Abbasid caliph al-Ma’mun had an embassy in India and from India a book was brought to Baghdad which was tra nslated into Arabic as Sindhind. It is generally presumed that Sindhind is none other than Brahmagupta’s Brahmasphuta-siddhanta.[4] Although Brahmagupta was familiar with the works of astronomers following the tradition of Aryabhatiya, it is not known if he was familiar with the work of Bhaskara I, a contemporary.[3]Brahmagupta had a plethora of criticism directed towards the work of rival astronomers, and in his Brahmasphutasiddhanta is found one of the earliest attested schisms among Indian mathematicians. The division was primarily about the application of mathematics to the physical world, rather than about the mathematics itself. In Brahmagupta’s case, the disagreements stemmed largely from the choice of astronomical parameters and theories.[3] Critiques of rival theories appear throughout the first ten astronomical chapters and the eleventh chapter is entirely devoted to criticism of these theories, although no criticisms appear in the twelfth and eighteenth chap ters.

IT leader ananlysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT leader ananlysis - Research Paper Example t constitute the organization have a number of members handling different responsibilities in achieving certain goals and according to the chosen structure entail a participative theory in leadership. The style of leadership considers input from members of any team when coming to a decision. The style is based on encouraging fellow members of the team in brainstorming and problem solving, although there is a defined leader. The team leader has the responsibility of encouraging the members into participating in decision-making, problem solving and any other responsibilities that the group might be assigned. The team theory ensures that every member of the team feels relevant to any business that is conducted by the team and organization. The other theory that is evident in this organization is situation theory. The situation theory is a concept by which the right course of action is arrived at by considering various inputs associated with different parameters. The inputs that may affect the course of action may include time, budget, human resource, location, natural occurrences and man related interference. This theory of leadership allows the management the option of altering the style of leadership when the parameters and variables associated with arriving at the best choice of management in striving to meet the project goals and objectives. The team may choose a strategy based on the provisions provided to them in an effort to ensure that all the necessary team goals and objectives are met. There is evidence that supports the existence of this type of leadership in the InfoInfinity organization. In this case, a communication network model would be suitable in handling the interactivity of the members within teams and the leaders of the teams involved in the production process (Jablokow, Jablokow & Seasock, 2010). Management theories in leadership style are another probability associated with the IT organization. The management theories, also referred to as

A Major Theme Both in Titanic and Avatar by James Cameron Research Paper

A Major Theme Both in Titanic and Avatar by James Cameron - Research Paper Example The film Titanic developed around a fictional love story between two young passengers of the ship Titanic. As in the case of many other love stories, the lovers in this film were from different social backgrounds; one was rich and the other was poor. â€Å"The film opens in modern times and shows an expedition team diving where the Titanic sunk, taking along with it the famous 56-Carat blue diamond† (Titanic). After seeing the live telecast of this exploration, a 101-year-old woman (Rose or Kate Winslet) came forward to claim the ownership of that diamond. She then began to tell the actual story of the Titanic and the film was developed based on that. The theme of film avatar is a mining mission conducted by humans on Pandora which is the satellite of Alpha Centauri star system. Humanoids or some creatures with similarities with a human were the inhabitants of Pandora. The mining mission caused several problems to the humanoids and the war between humans and humanoids broke ou t. â€Å"The climax of the plot is the traditional epic battle of good versus evil† (Avatar: Summary and Analysis) or battle between humans and humanoids. In both the movies, at least one of the major characters faces a disaster at the end. None of the characters who faced disaster at the end deserved such a cruel destiny. In Titanic, Billy Zane accuses Jack of stealing whereas in Avatar Jake and Dr Grace were tied on a wooden cross by the humanoids. It should be noted all these characters suffered a sad end to their lives. James Cameron seems to be an expert in exploiting the sentiments of the viewers. He knows very well how to mix tragedy with romance and adventure and to exploit the soft corners of the viewers.

Purchasing Habits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Purchasing Habits - Essay Example The next stage determining the consumers buying behaviour is the actual situation of the consumer which either puts him/her in a position to acquire certain products which are dependent on social, economical or technical positions. Factors under this group include the following factors. (Kennedy 2007) Natural- this determines whether the actual nature of the individual has an effect on his/her consumption. For example, a vegetarian would not be interested in the purchase of meat even if all the other factors are in favour of the purchase. (Kennedy 2007) Cultural- the culture of a place either encourages consumption of certain products or bans consumption of certain goods. This has an effect on the buying behaviour of these individuals as it determines what they go for in the market. (Kennedy 2007) Technological- the technological environment also has considerable effects on what individuals buy or do not buy. This is because people may either want to remain with their ancient technology or would want to go for new technology. This will influence what individuals actually go for at particular times and periods. (Kennedy 2007) The next tire in a consumer's buying behaviour results from the consumer himself and includes those characteristics inherent to him/her. These include individual's attitudes, knowledge about the goods, the lifestyle of the particular consumer, personality, perceptions and motivation (Kennedy 2007). Having looked at the environmental and individual characteristics that determine consumer buying behaviour, it is now time to examine the actual buying process which I defined in terms of stages. This stage defines the consumers buying decision process and is a six stage process. These include: Step one-Problem recognition This is the first step in actual determination of a need by the consumer. A consumer will first have to recognize what he/she needs and is missing; this, leads to ones awareness that he/she need to acquire a particular good. The recognition of what really one needs is the starting point of the consumers buying behaviour. From sitehttp://www.udel.edu/alex/chapt6.html Step Two-Information Search This involves the search for information on the goods that the consumer may need. The consumer may acquire this information from several sources which include friends or the product manufacturers. The product manufacturers make this information available through their advertising, or product promotion campaigns. This is readily available if the consumer has the required media. Information is also available through friends or relatives. The information

Immigrants and Employment Discrimination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Immigrants and Employment Discrimination - Essay Example It becomes more prominent during economic and social uncertainty such as the Great Depression where people try to find somebody to blame much in the same way as we blame others for our failures. Who gets the blame There is human tendency for people to blame others and not themselves and because they fear blaming their 'own kind', the situation becomes bad for those of different color of the skin, different accent, different religious beliefs etc. To make the long story short, it is usually the immigrants where they lay their misfortune-ruined eyes. Immigrants have been the targets of many jokes, unfair labor practices, bias and prejudice. This especially goes true for the state of California where immigration is the highest. Discrimination is real and existent as shown, for example, by the media who uses videos of African Americans as criminals and White Americans as the life saver of the nation (in the coverage of war and implemented national health programs). Virtually every time we hear about immigrants in the news, it's not about celebrating their many contributions, sacrifice or heartwarming love and loyalty for this country, but rather about how they break the laws and drain the system. Immigrants are usually perceived as an uneducated person and a liability that must be eliminated. Such hatred for people is not confined in the USA alone but finds extreme scenarios in other countries such as what Hitler and Slobon Milosevic embarked upon. Discriminatory practices also vary among immigrants. Light skinned people would generally be more acceptable than dark and brown colored people. In any case, immigrants are seen as a stranger that should not be fairly treated in the household. Yet in truth and in fact, the United States is a country of immigrants that can be traced in history. The fact is that every American is either an immigrant or a descendent of an immigrant. In fact, immigrants are the true story of America . There are countless inspirational stories of immigrants who made a tremendous difference and contributed to the fabric of the American heritage. This paper aims to discuss the discriminatory practices regarding employment of immigrants in the United States. As such, it becomes necessary to deal with historical facts to make us aware of how America actually is a nation of immigrants. We will also discuss the differential degree of discrimination with regards to the white skinned rather than colored people such as the Native Americans and African Americans. It is aimed that even in such limited space, a worthy discussion on an issue (which have been the subject of many studies and articles) can be constructed in a way that is informative as it is enlightening. Foreigners in the Land of Promise Native Americans Colonists arrived to take advantage of the land resources and opportunities afforded by a virgin America. The entry of European and Christian values into a continent that was inhabited by American Indians (Native Americans) of a distinctly different culture made clashes inevitable. Operating with government assistance, the colonists subdued the original Native Americans and usurped their most fertile fields, prized resources, timber lands, and grazing areas. Now the Indians are found in reserves where most of them had been transplanted from their original

Child temperaments and parenting styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Child temperaments and parenting styles - Essay Example e to act as friends to their children and the children with the flexible temperament work with the parent developing a plethora of room for the development and growth of the kids. The children consider their parents as warm and low in control to indicate high levels of trust, and the child is able to confide in the parent (Richters 22). On the other hand, children of the highly permissive parenting style may end up lacking the necessary self-control since the parents expect nothing from them. The flexible children with permissive parents become impulsive and may live life with no definite direction. Children with flexible temperaments and with permissive parents develop into domineering and stubborn adults who do anything to achieve what they desire. The behavior gets developed due to the parent’s understanding nature. However, parents with permissive parenting styles with children with flexible temperament give more attention to their children’s activity while maintaining a distance not to control most aspects (Richters 22-23). Richters, Kayla S. Child Temperament, Parenting Styles, and Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors as part of a Comprehensive Assessment Tool. University of Wisconsin-Stout, 2010. May 31,

SESSION LONG PROJECT MODULE 5 TOTAL REWARDS (USAA INSURANCE COMPANY) Essay

SESSION LONG PROJECT MODULE 5 TOTAL REWARDS (USAA INSURANCE COMPANY) - Essay Example This method also helps attract the employees and their attention and help retaining the employees to a great extent. Here in most cases this method helps in improving the morale and levels of motivation and productivity of the employees, thereby being a major benefit for the company as well (Thompson). Using this technique in USAA will be very helpful due to the nature of the job. Here the company will be able integrate the organizational culture, business strategy and also the human resources strategy and draw them towards one main focus, i.e. the total rewards system which focuses on includes all aspects like the compensations, benefits, work life, recognition and performance of the employees and also the overall development and career opportunities. Together all of these are focused towards attracting and motivating people which in turn leads to better satisfaction and engagement of the employees. This concept is clearly one which will remain and become more common within companie s (Buchanan and Huczynski). This technique is here to stay and companies can benefit from the technique to a very great extent. The drawback of this technique, in the case of USAA, it proves to be very costly for a number of employees and also does not meet the needs of the employees.

Huntington's Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Huntington's Disease - Essay Example This disease can develop at any age, however, it is most common between the ages of 30 to 50. HD was previously known as Huntington’s chorea. Chorea means jerky, involuntary movements. This paper provides a description of Huntington’s disease including its causes, symptoms, and treatment. Causes HD is caused by a genetic defect on chromosome 4. This disease causes part of DNA, known as a CAG repeat, to replicate itself more than it is supposed to (Lawrence, 2009). In normal conditions, this part of DNA section is repeated 10 to 28 times. However, in HD patients, it is repeated 36 to 120 times. Since this is a hereditary disease, the number of repeats tends to get bigger down the subsequent generations. Therefore, children having a larger number of repeats tend to develop symptoms of this disease at early ages. This condition affects basal ganglia that control balance and movement in human beings (WebMD, 2011). In the region of basal ganglia, HD mainly targets neurons of the striatum, especially those in the pallidum and caudate nuclei. There are two types of Huntington’s disease: adult-onset Huntington’s disease, which is the most common, and an early-onset form, which begins in childhood or adolescent stages of development (Lawrence, 2009). How HD is inherited HD is a disease that is passed from parents to children through misspelling or mutation in the normal gene, and it is found in every part of the world. A single abnormal gene can lead to the development of this disease. Genes are made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): which is a molecule that exists as spiral ladder (HDSA, 2008). Every strand of DNA is made up of two paired chemicals known as bases. These bases include adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). Bases usually pair together, and combine with other pairs to form coded messages. Genes, therefore, exist as long strands of paired bases in various combinations. A normal human being has approximately 30, 000 genes, which determine a person’s traits and characteristics (HDSA, 2008). The effect of genes on determining an individual’s characteristics depends on whether it is dominant or recessive. When a gene is dominant, only a single chromosome is needed to produce its effect, and when it is recessive, pair of chromosome copies is required to produce a characteristic or trait. HD is a dominant disorder that is caused by a copy of a defective gene, which is inherited from one parent (HDSA, 2008). The defective gene that produces HD is a sequence of DNA on the chromosome 4, which is made up of several base pairs that repeat themselves many times. A normal gene is usually composed of three DNA bases, made up of the sequence CAG. In HD patients, this sequence normally repeats itself several times, and the number of repeats becomes larger in the subsequent generations. Parents have two copies of chromosomes each, but they only donate one copy to each child (HDSA, 2008). A ch ild born of HD parents has 50-50 chance of developing this disease. Any child, who does not inherit a copy of HD gene from parents, can never develop this condition, and he or she cannot pass it to the next generations. Children who inherit HD gene may not show symptoms of this disease in early ages, but later in their lives. It has also been shown that some people develop this condition even if there is no family history of HD. It is believed that this is caused by a new genetic mutation, a process

Shear Force Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Shear Force Report - Coursework Example Loading of the beam I assumed to be equally spread along the length of the beam, such that the shear force acting on a point is a ration of the portions. Considering figure 1, the theoretical shear force is given by: From the results of experiment 1, the relationship between the variable load and shear force is linear. This is as indicated by the theoretical plot for the same conditions. The relationship indicates that an increase in the loading results in an increase in the amount of shear force experienced at the cut. The error that is generated from the experiment falls within 0.5 N. Only at the origin, no load, recordings are the experimental and theoretical recordings similar, as in all the other instances the theoretical load is always lower than the experimental shear load. Errors in the recorded data may arise due to the systemic and methodology errors. The milieu in which the experiment was done such as wind, may have affected the readings, and resulted in an error, the digital meter may also be suffering from interference and thus a fluctuating read out. From experiment 2, the reactions differ with the nature of the arrangement. The readings from the digital meter indicate that both distance and load have an effect on the reactions. The reaction of hangers closer to the loading is higher from that of the hangers further away. The errors of the experiment are in the range of 0.6 N, and the error is both positive and negative. The experimental shear force in the experiments is both lesser and more than the experimental forces. Deepening on the placement of the load, the reaction is either in the same direction or against the direction of loading thus the negative and positive nature. Force is a scalar quantity that has both magnitude and direction, hence the negative or positive nature. The reaction of loading, in shear force, relies on the distance from the point of

Debt in Australia, Monetary Policy Essay Example for Free

Debt in Australia, Monetary Policy Essay Introduction It is imperative that the Australian households’ debt have noticeably risen over the past two decades, and is currently rated high according to international standards. The sharp increase in housing debt has been the reason for the rise in the household debt. Increased availability of housing finance, strong demand for debt from investors, and lower interest rates are the main drivers of the rising housing debt. The households’ net worth and servicing ratios will be discussed in this paper as the impacts on the higher household debt levels. The impacts of the instability in global capital markets will be discussed in this paper in relation to the housing finance market in Australia. Lastly, the implications of the rising household debt will be discussed in relation to the financial stability and monetary policy. Trends in household debt It is important to note that Australian households had a fairly stable ratio of debt to disposable income at approximately 45% during the 1980s. However, rapid rise in the ratio of debt to disposable income was recorded since 1990, with it reaching optimum of 157% in December 2007. The bulk of the increase was accounted for by the housing debt, that is, over the period, the ratio of the housing debt to disposable income rose to 134% from 31%. It was also recorded over the same period, a rise in the ratio of personal debt to disposable income to 22% from 13%. A sharp rise in the ratio of debts to assets was recorded at 17% in December 2007, from 8% in December 1989 (Wilkins Wooden, 2009). A sharp rise in household indebtedness in a number of advanced economies has been witnessed over the last two decades. It is however, noted that the increase in household debt in Australia is pronounced. The Australia’s ratio in household debt to income was recorded as the highest in December 2007 despite Australia recording as one of the countries with the household debt lowest ratio to disposable income among advanced economies in the late 1980s. It is also imperative to point out that among advanced economies; Australia rose from the bottom position to the middle number in terms of the ratio of household debt to assets over the same period (Berry Dalton, 2009). Housing finance market Focus on the housing finance market is emphasized in this paper because the housing debt in households’ total debt is dominant. An average of 15% in the annual growth in housing debt was recorded since 1990. In the periods, 1988-1989, 1994, and 2002-2004 strong growth in housing debt was recorded. This strong growth in the growth in housing debt was faster than the growth in the disposable income of households over the same period that stood at an average of 6% only (Berry Dalton, 2009). Significant growth in house prices accompanied the sharp increase in the housing debt. Over the period 1987 and 1988, the house prices doubled, however, during the first half of the 1990s the house prices drifted slowly higher, with the house prices doubling more between 1997 and late 2003. Continuous increase in aggregate house prices was recorded since late 2003; however, the trend varies markedly across the country, for instance, house prices in Perth increased strongly, while the house prices in Sydney decreased over time. The boom in resources supports the varied trends in house prices across the country (Berry Dalton, 2009). A number of factors accounts to the rising house debt in Australia over the past years, with lower interest rates accounting for high borrowing by the households whenever they take their housing loan out. This trend has been responsible for the rise in the average size of new loans, which results into the rise in the average size of outstanding loans over time. The availability of housing finance has resulted into the rise in the capacity of households to borrow finances (Wilkins Wooden, 2009). Financial health of households It is noted that the historic sharp increase in the Australia’s disposable income in December 2007 was accounted by the strong rise in the housing debt in Australia over the past fifteen years. It was however, pointed out that only a few households had difficulties in repaying their debt obligations, despite the historic sharp increase in the housing debt in December 2007 (Berry Dalton, 2009). Impact of the turbulence in global capital market It is significant to note that the housing finance market in Australia has suffered greatly as a result of the global capital markets’ turbulence. This is because half of the total funding for financial institutions in Australia is accounted for by the deposits. The foreign and domestic capital markets the balance in the Australian financial institutions. There has been significant rise in the mortgage rates, and significant change in the markets shares from lenders, due to this, there is limited restriction to the overall supply of housing finance (Berry Dalton, 2009). Significant reduction in some forms of capital market funding as well as significant rise in the most of the forms of capital market funding have resulted from the turbulence in the financial market. It is however, noted that the impact of the financial market turbulence have been felt in a number of securitization markets. Securitization markets over the past decade or so, have established itself into as a significant source of funding for housing loans in Australia. In mid 2007 for example, outstanding securitization housing finance loans had accounted for 23% (Wilkins Wooden, 2009). This was a significant rise from the mid 1990s 5% housing finance loans that were securitized. A number of loans from mortgage originators were being securitized. Institutions like credit union, regional banks, and building societies had adopted securitization of their loans since it was a cost effective way of wholesale funding (Wilkins Wooden, 2009). The onset of the global financial turbulence in July 2007, led to significant close of the securitization market. There were significant rise prime residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) to 75 basis points in December 2007 from approximately 15 basis points in mid-2007. It is imperative to point out that Australia’s Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) accounted for the issuance of a number of Australian Asset-backed Securities (ABS) that extends on AAA-rated senior tranches (Berry Dalton, 2009). There was significant spread in the subordinated AAA-rated tranches that increased to approximately 110 basis points from approximately 20 basis points. It is significant to point out that despite the sharp increase in the spreads, investors in Australia has never encountered losses on rated Australian RMBS, coupled with the housing market in Australia remaining healthy. The investors have become more concerned with the product itself, as discounts are attached to all the sales of securitized products. The selling of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) by several structured investment vehicles (SIVs) has also created excess supply in the secondary market (Berry Dalton, 2009). Implications for financial stability and monetary policy It significant to point out the access to credit by the household sector has greatly increased courtesy of financial innovation and deregulation. The households in Australia have become more comfortable to take loans owing to the ongoing strong performance of the economy (Berry Dalton, 2009). Â  The balance sheets of households have remained in good health despite the significant rise in the household debt; this has resulted into significant rise in asset-value capable of offsetting the rise in debt. It is also significant to note that macroeconomic conditions in the economy are also favorable. References Berry, M., Dalton, T. (2009). Mortgage default in Australia nature, causes and social and economic impacts. Melbourne: AHURI. Wilkins, R., Wooden, M. (2009). Household Debt In Australia: The Looming Crisis That Isnt. Australian Economic Review , 42(3), 358-366.

Importance f Pronunciation

Importance f Pronunciation According to the Oxford Dictionary pronounce is defined as make the sound of (a word or part of a word) in the correct or a particular way. The way in which a word is pronounced is known as pronunciation. Pronunciation can be defined as a way in which a language is spoken, especially the way in which it is generally accepted or understood. Pronunciation means production and utterance of sounds of a language. English pronunciation has various components such as sounds, stress, and variation in pitch, and the learner needs to understand the function of these as well as their form, (Kenworthy, 1987). Once the learners are aware that English words have a stress pattern, that words can be pronounced in slightly different ways, that the pitch of the voice can be used to convey meaning then they will know, that to pay attention to can build upon this basic awareness, (Kenworthy, 1987: 27). Sounds are the part of a code in a language. These particular sounds make a language. Due to this code we can distinguish between different sounds and different languages. In this sense pronunciation can be defined as production and reception of sounds of speech. According to Dalton, et al. (1994), language is a speech act. Its code joins hands with other factors to make sense of communication. In this study researcher has tried to explore the pronunciation of diphthongs with special reference to the physical features of diphthongs that is of prominence to the English language learners. Since all second language learners belong to one or other group of language, their pronunciation of second language is very different of their origin. The teaching of a foreign language always deals with changing of learners pronunciation as learners find it difficult to pronounce the diphthongs. The pronunciation of one person depicts his geographical identity; hence a persons pronunciation reveals his complete personality including origin and his social background. The pitch of the voice, the speed and the utterance all indicate the background and the linguistic knowledge of that person. It is an acknowledged fact that the speaker of the second language utters the sounds through the basic knowledge that he has built up in his mother tongue. It is through the pronunciation that we distinguish between American, British and Cambridge speakers. Although all these use a Standard English accent yet they are different from one another in terms of their accent and pronunciation. Therefore what is needed and what we are concerned within Pakistan is the achievement of a comfortably intelligibility. It is very important for second language learners to pronounce correctly and follow a particular accent. There is a need to train the second language learners to pronounce the phonemes correctly. In teaching correct pronunciation we shall be able to draw inferences to determine and overcome the factors that hinder our speech. Joanne Kenworthy (1987) states, Learner needs to develop concern for pronunciation. They must recognize that poor unintelligible speech will make their attempts at conversing frustration and unpleasant both for themselves and for their listeners. Vocal cords become hardened by speaking the native language. It needs proper training to speak the second language as the learners grew older. Unfortunately despite it being a language of teaching, English is very seldom used as a medium of speech in our day-to-day transaction. Despite that teachers do not know how to produce acceptable sounds hence learners also speak what they hear. Therefore we need to concentrate our efforts in teaching an acceptable pronunciation to our learners who ultimately might seek admission in the English speaking countries. Attitude and motivation shall intermittently guide the learner to produce the sounds, which are acceptable to the native Learners. That is why the teachers of English Language must have the knowledge of phonetics of English and they should know different techniques to teach pronunciation so that the learners pronunciation would be nearer to the Received Pronunciation and also having characteristics of a distinctive Pakistani pronuncia tion of English. Certainly this is an uphill task. Since Urdu is the mother-tongue, the learners are in the habit of using Urdu sounds. The sounds of Urdu and English are certainly different from each other. The Pakistani speakers mix up the sounds of English with that of Urdu sounds and try to shape their speech organs according to sounds of Urdu while pronouncing English. The teacher of English language in Pakistan needs to build a uniform system of speech, which should be closely and implicitly nearer to the Received Pronunciation. Ur (2000) explained the following pronunciation errors: A particular sound may not exist in the mother tongue, so that the learner is not used to forming it and therefore tends to substitute the nearest equivalent he or she knows. A sound does exist in the mother tongue, but not as a separate phoneme: that is to say, the learner does not perceive it as a distinct sound that makes a difference to meaning. International Phonetic Association On the international scene, after 1950s, when new superpowers emerged the problem of pronunciation came to surface. There was no standard variety of English. Australia and New Zealand were fully colonized so the problem of accent also increased. In 1886, in Paris, a small group of language teachers formed an association to encourage the use of phonetic notation in schools to help children acquire realistic pronunciations of foreign languages and to have a common accent. But this was not an easy task since English-speaking people themselves were spread in Europe, America and Australia, not to speak of the persons using English language in thickly populated countries of Asia and the British colonies in Africa. This naturally diversified and proliferated the problems with regard to the IPA since each local language has its own ways of articulation which are hardened with the passage of time and therefore make it doubly difficult for the second language learner to imitate successfully th e accent of native speakers. This and such lie problems further accentuated the problems and pitfalls in pronunciation more so in the area of diphthongs. For this difficulty, language teachers should know how to use IPA symbols and how to teach English language by using IPA symbols. Teachers should help students to become aware of the correct pronunciation. If IPA symbols are introduced to the English language learners at the beginners level, they would not have the pronunciation problem as much as they have. Phonetic transcription It is a noticeable difficulty in pronunciation that there are many letters and combination of letters which produce numerous sounds at different places. According to Hornby (1978) the students of English are aware of the problems created by the English alphabet, unlike the oriental languages where each alphabetical letter stands for a distinctive sound, not all the English alphabets represent the phonetic sounds. For example letter c sometimes gives the sound of s as in ceiling while on the other occasion it stands for the sound of k as in class. ch gives three sounds, sound of ch as in chain, sometimes it gives sound of k as in choir and sometimes it gives sound of sh as in chef. Sometimes we combine two letters to form a new sound as th in thin gives the sound of th o ;while in the word then it gives a new sound of d. The sound sha is obtained by joining sh as in she and the sound cha is formed by combining ch as in chin. Therefore the phonetic transcription is of utmost importance . The experts in English language all agree on International System on Phonetic Alphabet IPA which assigns each English sound a special symbol. Phonetic transcription is usually given in brackets, like this. Stage /steidz/ Ich dien /ixdi:n/ Bulge /b^ldz/ Special attention shall therefore be paid to provide correct forms of transcriptions. Diphthongs Diphthongs are regarded as a sequence of two vowels within the nucleus (Bernhardt Stemberger 1998). Bernhardt 1992 suggested that diphthongs have two Root nodes. Writing on diphthongs Roach, P. (1983), goes on to say that diphthong in the BBC pronunciation are the sounds which consist of a movement or glide from one vowel sound to another. The most common mistake in pronunciation that is visible in the speech of learners of English is the production of pure vowels where a diphthong should be pronounced. Roach (1983) further writes that in terms of length, diphthongs are like the long vowels. In diphthongs the first part is much long and stronger than the second part. A common example of a diphthong is formed in ai (as in bite) where we noticed that the vowel a is uttered loudly and a glide from ai to i results in a decreased loudness. Foreign learners must remember that the last part of the English diphthong must not be uttered too strongly. According to Roach (1983) there are eight diphthongs which we divided in three groups as shown in the following diagram. Tree diagram Roach, (1983) P 21-23 http://www.tuninst.net/Eng-phon/Eng-diphth/PIX/eight-diphthongs.gif There are several varieties of diphthong: wide and narrow; closing and opening; centering; falling and rising. A wide diphthong has a marked change in quality: in RP, the vowels in high, how, which move from open to close. A narrow diphthong has less movement: in RP, the vowel of day, which moves from half-close to close. The vowels of weave, groove are narrow diphthongs, because they move slightly within the close vowel area, but this movement is usually disregarded and they are treated as monophthongs. A closing diphthong ends closer than it begins, while an opening diphthong ends more open than it begins. The diphthongs of English tend to be of the closing type: in RP, say, sigh, soy, so, sow. A centering diphthong moves towards schwa: in RP, here, there. A falling diphthong is stressed on the first element, and a rising diphthong is stressed on the second. The diphthongs of English tend to be of the falling type, with the exception of the vowel sound in view, which can be interpr eted as rising. Eight diphthongs in English Connor (1967) says, Vowels are made by voiced air passing through different mouth shapes; the difference in the shape of the mouth are caused by different positions of the tongue and of the lips. He further says that, English speakers vary quite a lot in their vowel sounds i: sound used by an Australian, an American and a Scottish are all different, but they are all recognized quite easily. English language does surely have many vowels, the sounds of which are not very much different from those of the Urdu vowels. The following chart explains our argument. According to Connor (1967), all the English diphthongs are divided in three groups. Their respective positions are File:RP English diphthongs chart.svg THE first three diphthongs ph16.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph17.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph18.gifhave the neutral shwa vowel sound http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph07.gif, which occurs in grunting noises and the weak forms of the and a, as the FINISHING POSITION. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph16.gif as in beer (the drink), pier, hear. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph01.gif as in if or pit with tongue front and high and lips relaxed. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph17.gif as in bear (the animal), pair and hair. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph02.gif as in egg or bed with tongue in mid position at front of mouth. To make the diphthong, using a small controlled movement, pull your tongue slightly back from mid front to the mid central position in your mouth. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph18.gif as in tour, poor, and moor. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph06.gif with tongue pulled back but small mouth aperture as in hook, book or look. To make the diphthong, this time the small controlled tongue movement goes from the back position to the mid central position, losing the lip rounding and relaxing your mouth from the tight starting position. 2. THE next three diphthongshttp://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph13.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph14.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph15.gif have the vowel sound http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph01.gifin pit or if as the FINISHING POSITION. To make this sound, the tongue has to be high and towards the front of the mouth and the lips kept relaxed. a. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph13.gif as in day, pay, say, lay. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph02.gif with tongue in mid position at front of mouth as in egg, bed or Ted. Therefore the tongue is moved up to make the diphthong. b. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph14.gif as in sky, buy, cry, tie. The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph03.gif, the same sound as in cat. To make the diphthong there is a need of big jaw movement, moving the tongue from front open to and front close. c. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph15.gifas in boy, toy, coy . The starting position is http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph10.gif, the sound in door or or. The tongue needs to be low, but there is a need to pull it back and make the mouth round. To make the diphthong, relax the lip rounding and move the tongue forward and up. 3. The last two diphthongs http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph19.gif, http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph20.gif have the back vowel http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph06.gif(tongue pulled back but small tight mouth aperture as in hook, book or look) as the FINISHING POSITION. a. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph19.gif as in oh, no, so or phone. The starting position is the neutral vowel sound, also known as shwa http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph07.gif, which sounds like a grunt, as in the weak form of the or a. To start in this way, the tongue should be fixed in mid central position in the mouth with lips relaxed. To make the diphthong, it is a short controlled movement in the opposite direction from the centre to the back moving the relaxed lips into a tighter small round aperture. The cheeks should move in a bit. b. http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph20.gif as in all the words of How now brown cow!. The starting position is the vowel sound http://www.btinternet.com/~ted.power/ph03.gifas in at bad or rat with tongue front but also low (i.e. mouth open). To make the diphthong the journey for the tongue from front low (mouth very open) to back high (small tight mouth aperture) is a very long excursion. The jaw will move a lot too. Importance of diphthongs As diphthongs are vowels the main difficulty lay in the production and adjustment of the vowel length with special emphasis on diphthongs. The learners and the teaching community both belong to the same social class; they produce and commit uniform and similar mistakes in uttering diphthongal sounds. Both English and Urdu languages have diphthongs, whereas English vowels have different articulations system, nearly all the Urdu vowels are lax and unstressed. It is here that we notice the main difficulty for the Urdu speaking learners to understand and produce the exact phonetic realization of the English phonemes. As Urdu does not have the vowels that English has so it is very difficult for the Pakistani learners of English to articulate English diphthongs. When they pronounce English diphthongs they articulate it the way they use their speech organs in the articulation of Urdu diphthongs. Hence, the pronunciation of diphthongs is almost incorrect. The listeners find it difficult to c omprehend this incorrect pronunciation of diphthongs and hence the meaning is hampered. Along with various other considerations our main attention was therefore focused on diphthongs the main consideration was to evolve and try to bring about a Pakistani way and style of pronunciation, which is properly proliferated in the country, shall be universally accepted and understood.

Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health Services

Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health Services Jasmina Vuksanovic Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health Services Co-occurring disorders exist â€Å"when at least one disorder of each type can be established independent of the other and is not simply a cluster of symptoms resulting from a single disorder.†1 It has also been defined as the co-occurrence of â€Å"two or more psychiatric disorders.†2 Depending on the disorders involved, comorbidity may be homotypic, which involves disorders from the same diagnostic group, such as alcohol use and drug use, or heterotypic, which involves disorders from different diagnostic groups, such as alcohol use and depression.2 Prevalence and Demographic Factors Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental disorders in the United States, affecting approximately 6.7% of U.S adults each year.3 Alcohol use disorder (AUD), defined as both alcoholism and harmful drinking, is also prevalent in the United States and often co-occurs with MDD. AUD affects approximately 17 million Americans each year.4 Although research has not established a definitive etiological risk factor for both MDD and AUD, there are several proposed theories as to the association between these two disorders. Studies have shown that depressive symptoms may emerge during periods of heavy drinking and withdrawal.5 Continued heavy alcohol use may be a precursor to stressful life events, which in turn increases the risk of depression.5 Conversely, individuals battling depression are likely to drink heavily in order to cope with the depression, which in turn increases the risk of developing AUD.5 Among those with AUD, women have higher depression than men, as do Whites, compared to racial and/or ethnic minorities.5 In the general population, alcohol dependent men have a 24.3% lifetime prevalence of major depression, whereas alcohol dependent women have a 48.5% lifetime prevalence of major depression.5 In clinical samples, the lifetime rates of co-occurrence for women range from 50% to 70%.5 Co-occurrence of AUD a nd MDD is also associated with increased morbidity, mortality, functional impairment, and risk of suicide.6 Another co-occurring disorder of interest is schizophrenia and substance use disorder. Schizophrenia is a chronic illness associated with hallucinations and disorganized behavior, while the most common substances of abuse are alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine.1 Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of Americans, and approximately 50% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia also suffer from a co-occurring substance use disorder.7 When compared to individuals who suffer from schizophrenia only, dually diagnosed individuals have lower adherence to treatment, increased risk of HIV, higher hospitalization rates, are more prone to violent behavior, and are more likely to commit suicide.7 Schizophrenia runs in the family. If one parent has schizophrenia, the risk of a child developing the disorder is 13%; if both parents have schizophrenia, the risk increases to 46%.8 Schizophrenia does not discriminate and affects men and women equally. Symptoms often begin between the ages of 16 and 30 and does not commonly occur in children or adults older than 45 years.8 Additionally, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and a substance use disorder often experience onset earlier in their life than do those who suffer from schizophrenia only.8 Service Delivery Barriers and Strategies to Overcome These Barriers The fragmented health care system poses a huge barrier for individuals seeking care for co-occurring disorders. Due to this fragmentation, patients are not able to receive comprehensive and coordinated care for addiction services and mental health care. Of those struggling with co-occurring disorders, â€Å"8.5 % of individuals receive treatment for both disorders; 38.4 % receive treatment for one or the other disorder; and 53 % receive no treatment at all.†1 One strategy for overcoming this barrier is by integrating mental and physical health care delivery. Combining mental and physical health funds to pay for services would not only increase access to coordinated care, but it would streamline the coding and billing process through the use of common codes. It would also create a network of mental and physical health providers, who would all be responsible for well-being of each patient, thus encouraging coordinated care. A second barrier is the stigma associated with mental illness, which impedes help seeking. This barrier can be combated by educating patients about the resources available for treatment and the overall importance of a healthy mind and body. Businesses should do more to educate employees about mental health benefits, as many may not be familiar with them. Establishing behavioral health clinics, such as the WestBridge Clinic, would provide the compassionate care many individuals with co-occurring disorders are in need of and would likely encourage these individuals to seek treatment. A third barrier is one that is faced by Medicare patients as same day separate billing for mental health and medical care is not covered under Medicare.†1 With the oncoming demographic shift, this segment of the population cannot be ignored. Though this is a more difficult barrier to overcome, policy changes should be made to ensure the elderly have access to mental health services in the primary care setting. Increasing the scope of practice for clinical staff may be a feasible strategy for overcoming this barrier. Implications for Behavioral Health Throughout this course we have learned that organizational leaders and clinical staff must exhibit a certain level of commitment to providing quality care in order to effectively treat dually diagnosed individuals. As we see look at Accountable Care Organizations, the benefits of coordinated care become even more apparent. The ACA shifts the focus to evidence-based practices, which will become integral for more effective treatment and improvement in service delivery of co-occurring disorders. Adequate screening methods and health assessments by primary care providers are the first step in the treatment and recovery process1 and will undoubtedly lead to improved detection rates and treatment of dually diagnosed individuals. It is essential for clinicians to understand the epidemiology of all disorders a person is suffering from to ensure correct and effective treatment is received. Service delivery can be expected to improve with an increase in more knowledgeable clinical staff. Clini cians must be knowledgeable about possible interaction of the two disorders and how both can be treated, rather than just one. However, as long as stigma continues to surround the topic of mental health, there will continue to be hesitation by mentally ill individuals to seek treatment. As a society, we must take the necessary steps and encourage help seeking by those suffering from a mental illness.   References Levin BL, Hennessy KD, Petrila J (Eds.).Mental Health Services: A Public Health  Perspective, Third Edition.New York: Oxford University Press; 2010. Falk D, Yi H, Hiller-Sturmhofel S. An epidemiologic analysis of co-occurring alcohol and  drug use and disorders. Alcohol Research Health. 2008; 31(2): 100-110. National Institute of Mental Health. Available online at  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml. Accessed February 19 2014. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Available online at  http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics. Accessed February 19 2014. Conner KR, Pinquart M, Gamble SA. Meta analysis of depression and substance use among  individuals with alcohol use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2009; 37: 127-137. Riper H, Andersson G, Hunter SB, et al. Treatment of comorbid alcohol use disorders and  depression with cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing: a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2013; 109: 394–406. Green AI, Noordsy DL, Brunette MF, et al. Substance abuse and schizophrenia:  Pharmacotherapeutic intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008; 34: 61– 71. National Institute of Mental Health. Available online at  http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml. Accessed February 19 2014. QUESTION #3 Is Mental Health a Public Health Issue? Among U.S. adults age 18 years and older, an estimated 26 percent suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder each year, and for young adults, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability.1 Mental illness also bears a heavy burned on the global economy. The WHO estimates that 14% of the global disease burden is attributable to mental illness.2 Among the twenty most significant causes of disease burden worldwide are depression (3rd), alcohol use disorder (7th), bipolar disorder (12th), schizophrenia (14th), and substance abuse disorders (20th).2 Compared to all health expenditures, mental health and substance abuse expenditures have been decreasing since 1986, and are estimated to account for 6.9% of the nation’s health care expenditures in 2014.3 Mental illness increases the risk of developing a physical illness, communicable and non-communicable disease, and intentional and unintentional injury.2 To decrease prevalence of mental illness and its adverse effects on overall health of individuals, it is necessary to integrate mental health service delivery into the nation’s public health system. The public health system encompasses a broad array of topics, which creates opportunities for integration of mental health services through community education, epidemiologic surveys, health screening and assessment, ensuring adequate access to care, identifying risk factors and determinants of health, focusing on prevention and early intervention, and promoting sharing of information among health care providers.3 Traditionally, mental and physical health have been treated in two separate service delivery systems. However, majority of adults diagnosed with a mental disorder to not seek treatment, and those who do, seek treatment within the primary care sector, rather than a specialty behavioral health care sector.3 Integration of the mental and physical service delivery systems leads to better health outcomes in primary care, home health care, and long-term care setting, as well as increased mental health care access, rates of treatment, improved treatment adherence, enhanced clinical and functional outcomes, and greater cost-effectiveness.3 Among older adults suffering from depression, integration of physical and mental health services has shown a decrease in health care dollars spent on care, improved survival, and improved quality of life.1Among individuals suffering from substance abuse disorders, integrated care leads to lower â€Å"hospitalization rates, inpatient days, emergency room u se, and medical costs.†3 One example of an integrated health care delivery system is the Veterans Health Administration, the nation’s largest integrated health care system. Zeiss identified five key reasons for this integration. First, patients prefer to receive mental health care in the same setting as primary care, as they are most familiar and comfortable with their primary care provider.4 Second, primary care providers often fail to diagnose or misdiagnose a mental illness, especially in older patients who may have other health conditions.4 Integrating care can increase detection and accuracy of diagnosis. Third, patients are more likely to seek treatment for a mental illness when a diagnosis is determined in primary care and when care is available in the primary care setting.4 Of importance is the difficulty of primary care referral to mental health providers.4 Studies have shown an astounding 75% of patients fail to follow through with the referral and therefore do not get the mental health trea tment, whereas 90% receive treatment when it is provided by the primary care provider.4 Fourth, integrated care allows for information sharing among providers. Of highest importance is information relating to the patient’s diagnosis and treatment options. It allows both health providers to provide ongoing care and treatment to the patient, without overlap of information, or exchange of misinformation among the providers. Fifth, screening for mental illness in the primary care setting may lead to reduction in the stigmatization of mental illness as it will be viewed as one of many steps of a health assessment provided to all primary care patients.4 These findings have been echoed through other studies, as we have learned throughout the course of the semester. Implications for Behavioral Health Mental illness affects a significant proportion of the U.S. population and the importance of efficient treatment cannot be understated. Integrating mental health services into the traditional public health delivery system and increasing collaboration and information sharing among providers of different disciplines is a key aspect of delivering holistic care. Through course lectures, reading assignments, and videos, we have learned that populations at higher risk of developing a mental illness are more likely to delay treatment, or not seek treatment at all, receive lower quality care, and have higher rates of co-occurring illness and morbidity. The traditional health care model emphasizes preventive care and early treatment, which must be a primary focus for mental health services as well, in order to keep the population healthy, lower the prevalence of mental illness, and maintain an affordable health care system. The number of mental health facilities and organizations providing me ntal health services and treatment has decreased from 3,942 in 1990 to 3,130 in 2008,1 thus the need for integration is essential. In order to create a holistic healthcare system, we must break down the existing barriers between the mental and physical health care delivery sectors. References Levin BL. Week #3 Lecture: Mental Health Systems.2014. 1-11. Levin BL. Week #2 Lecture: Epidemiologic, Historical, Legislative Perspectives.2014: 4-  15. Levin BL, Hennessy KD, Petrila J (Eds.).Mental Health Services: A Public Health  Perspective, Third Edition.New York: Oxford University Press; 2010. Zeiss AM, Karlin BE. Integrating mental health and primary care services in the Department of  Veterans Affairs health care system. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2008; 15:73–78.

My Mom Committed Suicide Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

My Mom Committed Suicide For the longest time it never occurred to me that I actually did have a mother. The facts I had just weren't enough, I needed more evidence. t is the same thing every year. I find myself guilted into another mother-daughter banquet by my grandmother. As soon as I enter the room she senses my presence and immediately starts parading me around. She drags me from table to table trying to show me off as if I am some door prize she has just won. The dialogue is more or less the same. "Y'all, I would like you meet my granddaughter Julie." Under my breath I correct her, "My name isn't Julie," while still keeping that fake smile on my face that I mastered years ago. She politely restates her introduction: "This is my granddaughter Jobi, Julie's daughter, my middle child. Julie passed away a few years ago." It is at this moment that all noise drowns out and the only words I hear are those spoken through body language and facial expressions: "Oh you poor thing, how tragic." It is also at this moment I feel like running towards the glow of the nearest EXIT sign to escape all the looks of sympathy that make me feel as though my mother died right before I arrived rather than fourteen years ago. I cannot even pretend to know the bond and relationship that these women are celebrating and feel I need to excuse myself for intruding on their special moment. I do appreciate the concern, but the apologies just aren't necessary. I was so young when she passed away that I really don't remember her. This made it hard to relate to my Dad and my brother who were in fact deeply affected by this awful event, and when they talk about her it makes me feel extremely odd. They talk about their memories and the way she was and I ha... ...ords how odd it was to watch me interact with my own mother, a person I don't even know. It is a fact that that moment actually took place, but it is still so unreal to me because I just can't remember. I can't remember anything. And I resent myself for that. They say everyone has a destiny and that your life is planned before it even starts, but I would like to know what it was about me that made me destined for this. I do find peace in the belief that everything happens for a reason and God won't give you more than you can handle at one time. I also take comfort in the belief of a "Heaven" where one day I may get answers to all of my questions and then some. Until that day I will just have to continue day dreaming and dealing with my emotions because no matter how angry I get or how loud I scream, I know that there is no one to answer me. At least not now, anyway.

AIDS/HIV Research :: essays research papers

This study used content analysis to identify dominant AIDS-HIV themes in the manifest news content of AP, Reuters, AFP, ITAR-TASS, and IPS. A systematic random sample of AIDS-HIV stories disseminated by the five wire services between May 1991 and May 1997 (both months included) was obtained. This decade was selected because several empirical studies of coverage in the 1980s have been conducted; however, few studies examine the 1990s. The decision to examine the print news media was driven by the nature of the issue being explored. Previous research indicated (Nelkin, 1991; Stroman & Seltzer, 1989) that when it comes to complex and ambiguous issues (e.g., AIDS-HIV), print news provides more in-depth information than broadcast news. News consumers tend to consult print news for the details, whereas broadcast news provides the broad strokes. For instance, the Princeton Survey Research Associates (1996) study of AIDS coverage by the U.S. media found that the print media accorded more analytical coverage when compared to broadcast offerings. Full texts of all the stories in the sample were downloaded from the online LEXIS-NEXIS news and information database service.(n7) With a random starting point, every fifth story in the universe was selected to obtain a 20% sample. The story was the unit of analysis. The sample comprised a total of 635 stories. Following is the breakdown of these stories according to wire services: Reuters = 287, AFP = 155, AP = 78, ITAR-TASS = 34, and IPS = 81 (N = 635). Detailed coding categories were developed. The Princeton Survey Research Associates (1996) content analysis of AIDS-HIV coverage by the U.S. news media guided the formation of some of the categories. The world region category was guided by the Mayo and Pasadeos (1991) study of the international focus of U.S. business magazines. Following are the main categories that were used to code each story. Detailed operational definitions were developed for each category. Straightforward categories such as date, length of story, wire, and so forth are not included: 1. Dateline-world region: The choices available were: North America (United States and Canada), Central America and the Caribbean, Latin America, Western Europe (including Turkey and Greece), Eastern Europe, Russia and former Soviet republics, China, the Middle East, North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa (including South Africa), developing Asia (mostly South and some Southeast Asia), developed Asia (mostly East and Southeast Asia), Oceania (Australia, New Zealand, and other Pacific Islands), global, the United Nations and other similar global organizations, and other/none.

Importance of Tourism

Some people think tourism is just going to a travel agency and buying a tour to visit a place. However, there are more issues involved with this field than people can imagine. According to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) tourism represented 5% of the direct global GDS, offering 235 million jobs worldwide and generating more than US$ 1 billion for local communities where it is developed. It is clear, therefore, that tourism brings advantages to a country, but there are obviously disadvantages.This essay will demonstrate that tourism is much more than a simple trip and can positively or negatively affect different aspects and it will argue the importance of planning before tourism is developed will be explored. Discussion of the positive and negative aspects of tourism will be really complex (Ragsdale, n. d. ). To better comprehend the positive and negative consequences generated by tourism, it is important to evaluate each aspect linked separately. Economical, environmental, cu ltural and social aspects are the most significant aspects.Economic effects are the first benefits to the host country. Tourism increases job opportunities, because it creates new roles, such as servers, hotel staff, retail outlets and tour guides. Moreover, the population also can work in jobs of new hotels and facilities created as result of the tourism industry. (Ragsdale, n. d. ). Some other effects are the economic development, the improvement of income, the currency and the employment (Rodrigues, 2012). As an example, Bahamas have the tourism as their mainly local economy and source of jobs.The tourism guarantees employment for more than half of community, directly or indirectly. (Members of the Demand Media Studios Community, n. d. ). Before tourism being developed in this region the population was living in poor life conditions and occupying worst job positions. Regarding the environmental aspect, tourism can be a reason to protect the nature and the money collected from tic kets to visit parks makes people obey rules to preserve the park. This industry also gives a chance to understand how the environment works.  (Allen, n. d. ).Additionally, conservation of natural areas, rising environmental quality, stimulating the participation of people with the environment, improvement of infrastructure and increased awareness of the environment are some example of positive effects of tourism. (Rodrigues, 2012). Cultural and social aspects are some of the touristic attractions. This direct contact teaches visitors a new view and it is lucrative for the local population. (Ragsdale, n. d. ).Furthermore, tourism can help to conserve cultural heritage, the cultural exchanges and the renewal of cultural pride. Also it promotes peace and greater empowerment of women (Rodrigues, 2012). In Bahamas the cultural identity is a concern of local government about the trivialization of crafts and influences of other cultures about changing local traditions. (Members of the De mand Media Studios Community, n. d. ). Probably, without tourism the government would never think about the Bahamas traditions.On the other hand, negative effects are being showed too (Allen, n. d. ). Economically, it is important consider how to finance and maintain tourism, because it can also encroach on the community with companies from another country, taking part of the profits instead of local population. (Ragsdale, n. d. ). In addition, tourism can aggravate social inequality, because if you didn?t have qualification, you would not have opportunity to work in this field. Besides, it can also raise the local and the housing costs around the touristic areas (Allen, n.  d. ).Bali is a good example of this situation. The tourism had grown about 80% in 2010 compared to 2000 and also had grown franchising and convenience stores around the city giving the profits to overseas companies. Moreover, the government gave a temporary residence to 6,000 foreigners allowing them to work; it was not very fair competition for better jobs. In addiction, the real estate sector increased the property values causing the local population to migrate to other cities and without much infrastructure.(Trunkl, 2011). It is recognizable that tourism also can be a disruptive mechanism against nature (Ragsdale, n. d. ). It can contribute to water pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution and problems with rising trash. In Bali tourism are destroying the natural source and overloading local infrastructure, affecting the environment and the community. The transit is increasingly congested and natural areas and plantations are being devastated to build more roads or tourist attractions. (Trunkl, 2011).In relation to the cultural aspect, tourism can negatively affect the authenticity of community, disrespecting traditions such as religious rites and crafts. (Rodrigues, 2012). Tourism causes a really invasive situation and consequently the host community will be influe nced by tourists, endangering their customs, habits and cultural riches. (Ragsdale, n. d. ). Socially the unpleasantness between tourists and natives is a negative result in this area. Moreover, the excess numbers of tourists leads to a less quality of the attraction and it may increase the cases of prostitution, crime and violence.  (Rodrigues, 2012).To reduce negative impacts and enhance positive impacts will be necessary a good tourism planning, always based on social equity, environmental awareness and expansion of the local economy. Tourism planning is a mechanism of management focused in an actual scenario of destination analysis to project possible panoramas. This mechanism builds a guide to transform the current target into sustainable tourist attraction using the resources available efficiently. First of all, the government should involve and sensitize the community where they want to explore the tourism.Without this support, the tourism will inevitably fail. After that, they need to define the goals: what kind of tourism will be explored in this region; which kind of public will be explored and if all industry involved is prepared. Thus, they analyse all resources and create a strategy of product development. After that, tourism will be explored. Furthermore, it will be always monitored and evaluated to do constant readjustments (Miranda, 2013). In conclusion, tourism has a great power of influence in societies where it is developed in very interesting aspects.For this reason, tourism cannot be considered as something unimportant and it not even occurs without a planning. It should be well planned, executed and monitored results to make changes as needed. This dynamic will require well trained professionals and constant research in this area. It is no longer possible to think in tourism as just a simple trip, everything that occurs during any trip is interconnected and affects the whole society. Provide a well planned and sustainable tourism will b e inevitable for the survival of the local community. The focus now is to maximize the positive aspects and minimize the negative one.

Engineering Education Scenario in Singapore Universities with Reference to India

design Education Scenario in capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore Universities with reference to India Dr. Sushma S. Kulkarni, Director, Prof Martand T. Telsang, doyen academicians Rajarambapu convey of Technology, Islampur, Sangli, Maharashtra, www. ritindia. edu 1. 0 Relevance of engine room procreation in India with respect to orbicular scenario India has proven sudden growth of design Colleges in last 5- 7 eld. In 2005-06 the spell of colleges was 1475 and agree get of seats was 499697. Whereas the be in 2010-11 is increased to 3241 colleges and 13,24,246 seats (data as published on AICTE website).The act of applied science science colleges in the current year 2012-13 leave behind soon rise to 3500 and to a colossaler extent. The mushrooming of bes is in rattling sm each(prenominal) cross of time and too geographic anyy unbalanced. Now when we contraryiate the proficient reading scenario in India with the creation the daub is alarmi ng. At present the number of engineer graduates bye step up from these silk hatows is approximately 14 lack but the survey conducted by several(a) agencies same NASSCOM indicates a hidden concern regarding the quality of graduates in wrong of their employability, look for abilities, inventionual clarity and trans serveing exposure of graduates. on that point argon numerous ch t extinct ensembleenges our engineering gives atomic number 18 approach and this need to be attended to. With this objective in foreland a subscribe to of troika Universities in Singapore is presented namely depicted object university of Singapore ,Nanyang Techlogical University & Nanyang engineering school which the author recently visited. 1. Engineering Education in USA, Singapore and India When we comp ar the Engineering Education (EE) in tierce countries in terms of numbers, engineering graduates sledding out atomic number 18 highest in India, followed by USA ( intimately 1/8th) a nd accordingly Singapore.The waysing of EE in USA and Singapore is on fundamental interaction with Industries, Indus get rid of heed ground live projects, perseverance Chair, explore focus in collaborationism with assiduity, Incubation Centers and so forthtera syllabus is focused on detention on breeding with Mini projects from jump year onwards for growing groundbreaking and creative mind inflexible in students. thither is provision for case victimisation, talent military personnel(prenominal) exposure to students with credits weight-age(the students actu onlyy drop off 3 months in a several(predicate) country and show out virtu in ally relevant write up based project). Entrepreneurship is stipulation spare(a) wiz subject weight age in curriculum.We could see proper get of Humanities based subjects in the curriculum with an objective of creating engineers sensitive to the inevitably of society. Other common features are staff festering centers an d English lyric poem influenceing centers for both Faculty and schoolchilds. We could too see escaped athletic field spaces for students to promote ego and group erudition. 1. 2Current Scenario, Quality issues Indian Engineers assume earned a name for themselves all oer the world. We could meet a astronomical number of Indian professors in US universities as rise as in Singapore Universities.Professors are super reckon as search flows from university to perseverance, highly compens adequate to(p) jobs, special status for look into professors to carry out enquiry, in some(a) places scientists are appointed to lead special look projects. PG aim students are involved in the projects wherein they get an opportunity to learn on real number emotional state 1 applications. We at a time need to rethink about the EE in India in the orbiculate scope with the sudden magnification of EE and the related to issues of Quality of education imparted in these newfangled br ings.There is internal identity card of Accreditation (NBA) , norms of AICTE etc. plainly merely adhering to the norms ordain non batten down quality of graduate engineers. The builds need to work beyond norms to inculcate academic standard atmosphere in terms of academics, search, exertion institute interaction etc. India is also view of subscribe Washington grant so that our graduates are authoritative all e realplace the world. But what about complying with the conditions of Washington accord? Challenges in India The challenges which we are facing nowadays are the Leadership and g overnance to be provided in the be.There is sudden dearth of academic leaders because of this abrupt unexpect expansion of technical education. There is also shortage of learn capability cadre-wise from professors to associate professors and accessory professors. Inadequate number of competency with infallible qualifications are non available. Post graduates and PhDs passing out touch prime(prenominal) preference to constancy jobs because of the glamour and the higher salaries disposed to it. In India commandment jobs are non rated the highest and status wise also not as exceedingly respected as in USA or Singapore.Quality of Students a couple of(prenominal) premier Institutions like IIT, NITs, political science College and certain(p) tete-a-tete universities attract the talent. Rest other(a) institutions the Aptitude & attitude to training engineering is low, hence the quality of input to such other institutes is not as per the expectations. As per the brass policies students with borderline 45% tag and for reserved category students the eligibility criteria is 40% label in Physics, chemistry and mathematics. Thus sometimes these students name very poor basics and are not basically punishing working type.Engineering education necessitate that the students should yield very good analytical skills, bedrock of basic sciences, good log ical, communicatory and non verbal abilities on with application oriented mindset, sincerity, unenviable work and ability to think and accept intimacy. Although the 12th standard marks whitethorn not directly reflect all these abilities of students but the results of the almost all the new started Engineering Institutes indicate that a striking opticed number of students are struggling with their start year results and the passing dower is as low as 10% in certain institutes. look for purificationIt is a great challenge to develop query culture in engineering institutes. The dexterity of necessity to have the aptitude and attitude to do research and get a bliss and enjoyment in carrying out research finished various projects. Generally it is seen that there is fear of taking up research work because of * Basic mindset real in school as considerably at home not to try anything new as failure in any project is not accepted * Innovation and creativity are not back u p at school, college, university level through our curriculum No free chip in precondition in terms of backing to try and experiment new things unclouded and free access to equipments to try and ladder around with equipments in laboratory so that it becomes enjoyable political science should enforce projects from their dig areas on with livelihood to the engineering institutes on with proper mentoring and counsel so that it reaches students and piecemeal research aptitude and interest is substantial instead of a fear of research. Industry Institute Interaction Graduates passing out from these institutes in general shrink up jobs in Industries and a very small percentage opt for PG or research jobs.Those opting for entrepreneurship chiefly do job for 4-5 years to conceive the business and related systems. Thus giving exposure to attention working is all-important(a). It is important that Industry based electives are disclosed in curriculum, real life projects a re given to final year students and field training actualize mandatory during the four year of engineering education. Industry academia interaction should lead to the cultivation of curriculum with manufacturing representatives, industry visits, laboratories set up with industry collaboration to bring the latest technology to institutes and develop as centre of duty etc.This industry interaction go away tie the gap between the two and our graduates go out be accepted by industry in a better way. It is discover that when we correlate the theoretical concepts with real life situation the students palpate it more than raise and easy to understand. Infrastructure Infrastructure and laboratories bring to pass the ambience for teaching learning in the institute. Lab work is the pulse of engineering program. It economic aids students to visualize what they learn in conjecture and verify the laws, phenomenon, parametric studies etc. instruction by doing is one of the basic met hods of developing thought ad plug in and acquiring various skills. It is signifi good dealt to learn what other universities around the world are doing to achieve the desired quality in engineering education. Tie up with reputed projectetary Universities to learn and understand their best implements and wherefore try to implement it back tooth help to develop quality mathematical processes. 1. 3 Our proposal to visit Singapore University Their meticulous homework was seen right from our first e-mail requesting them to give us appointment to visit their university.Appointment and document of our perpetration , objectives of our visit, what particularly and specifically we would like to see, how many state bequeath be there in delegation along with their position , who will lead it etc. all the details were finalized through email conference. We were received as per schedule, shown around the campus as per our objectives and therefore finally meeting with the presiden t and other higher officials of the university was arranged to give us the details of university through manifestation along with deliberations on areas of collaboration for mutual interest. They were truly professional in their approach.As our delegation was headed by Honorable Rural phylogeny Minister, Mr Jayant Patil, all the protocols were followed as per the status. Objectives of our Visit * To study the strategies to turn RIT in to expert University and shifting from Under Graduate Teaching Institute to enquiry Institute. * To study the best practices of respective(prenominal) universities / institutions. * To understand the Governance Structure & sustenance Pattern of the University. To study the Focus of Research, landmark Areas of Research, Research Funding and Research progress Schemes. Opportunities for Collaborative Graduate & Undergraduate Programs (Twinning Programs). * call forth of the Art Technologies in Teaching Learning (Educational Technology). * To f ind out how Universities attract and entertain the best talent world tolerant as a strength (specific strategies and schemes) * To study Industry collaboration in Research and Methods for Promotion of Entrepreneurship 2. 0 An overview of universities in Singapore Three universities were visited namely National University of Singapore, Nanyang expert University and Nanyang PolytecnicCertain observations & experience in each University * Students from all over the world could be seen do it truly an external level university, all the universities have excellent residential facilities for more than 10000 students, residential facility provided such that there is good mix up of students. * about placements international employment in companies, 2 in 3 graduates are hired sooner graduation the precept of universities is take the students to the world and bring students from the world to the university Faculty appraisal & tenure system followed in each university. Variable compe nsation given to strength based on experience and performance. Any newly inducted faculty has a tenure period of minimum 6 years which give notice be extended up to 9yrs. If the faculty is not confirmed in 9 years then the faculty is discontinued * sloshed Curriculum in association with Industry, Industry attachment programs, faculty deputed to industry for industry exposure and capacity development * Government weather Universities in the form of keep for research, student fees etc. clear cortege are intentional with state of art technology with different type of sitting arrangements in furniture, uninfected LCD screens on each argue of family unit room connected to laptop on each table so that the students can view from any side. * CR specially designed in such a way to promote interactive two way teaching process. not the traditional way of all the students facing the teacher and teacher restricted to ambo during teaching. Circular or hexagonal tables provided with 4-5 students per table. * Student entry and attendance allowed in the Class room with the use of RFID reader and bill stigmatiseer which is carried by student Teaching methodological analysis and pedagogy given lot of richness with caste rooms specially designed as per requirements * Faculty appointment through for following purpose for teaching only, for research only and few for both teaching and research * Governance Structure with Board of trustees ,Senate, Academic Council, Board of Studies, President, Provost, Deans * Entrepreneurship education special get overs and programs offered for experiential entrepreneurship, special lectures arranged by entrepreneurs and founders, courses offered in partner university Patents, publications and citations considered for appraisal of faculty * Though technological university it had proper blend of all other streams like Arts, * arts, sciences, medicine, MBA, Institute of Education, Environment and life sciences, media, Journalism, tu ition and communication etc. * Theory lectures conducted for biggish number of students from 120 to 400, up to 600 in some gaucheries, Lecture star signs & halls well furnished, with proper kindling and automatic audio and video enter facility. Lectures also put on the intranet for he students to refer to whenever required. One to one focus on students learning in tutorial sessions. * More emphasis on open & self learning. Separate Rooms provided for students with earnings and various software along with Laptops and Desktops etc in a separate instaling named as education resource centre wherein Facilities to do self study, general practice assignments/ presentations, etc. Lot of closed open spaces made available to student for purpose of study. Curriculum has focus on developing knowledge based presentation skills/ organizing thoughts.Indivithreefold Assignments and preparation of students encouraged with proper assessment and feedback to students * Research funding given by government up to 80% and 20% by industries in thrust areas identified. PG and PhD students take up such research projects under the guidance of faculty * student fees supported by government in the form of scholarships , for students from Singapore supported up to 75% and other than Singapore up to 60% * No non teaching peon level staff seen in university, Faculty was self supported great features of each University National University of Singapore The National University of Singapore (NUS) is Singapores global university with distinctive strengths in education and research and an entrepreneurial dimension. NUS offers nationwide curricula in the Faculties of Arts & Social Sciences, stock, Computing, Dentistry, form & Environment, Engineering, Law, Medicine and Science. As a research-intensive institution, the University continues to configuration on its core areas of research duty and to make an impact with revolutionary discoveries. Reflecting gruelling research output a to tal of 2,146 papers are published in internationally refereed journals.NUS is actively involved in international academic and research networks such as the Association of Pacific rim Universities (APRU) and International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU). This global networking further rises its international presence. NUS produce research of international quality and impact in a broad range of fields. To book its competitive edge, the university seeks to reinforce its core research infrastructure, faculty and programs. This is achieved by identifying and developing rapidly-emerging areas and promoting multi-disciplinary research.With a prime location at the heart of University Town (UTown), there is a immutable buzz at the Education mental imagery meaning (ERC) where many of the facilities are social 24/7. Open to the NUS community, the ERC attracts students with its array of IT and multimedia system facilities, plentiful study clusters and group password spaces whe re students can brainstorm for group projects or work individually on course assignments. Designed to foster collaborative learning, the technology-infused seminar rooms in UTown also encourage professors to introduce new teaching methods, which could eventually be replicated to the wider NUS community.Such strategic broadcastning demonstrates the Universitys commitment to enhance the overall educational experience for all NUS students. Separate Centre for English language communication (CELC)-Separate English language development programs for Faculty and students, there is focus on reading, writing, speaking and listening in English, special courses organized for Chinese students before they join regular degree programs. The Student charge Centre (SCC) offers a supportive and contributive environment for any student with own(prenominal) issues or challenges to seek help and guidance from a professional counselor.A team of registered psychologist, counselors and case coordinator provide help and support for students from diverse religious, cultural, ethnic and sexual background 3. 11 outstanding Features * Leading global university bear on in Asia. 37,000 students. * Center for English phraseology communication. * 180 partnered Universities. Research-intensive institution with Research Areas as- Ageing, guess Management, Water and Environment, Biomedical Science mainly focusing on inter-disciplinary research. Variable profit for faculty based on forward experience and achievements 3. 20 Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Nanyang Technological University (NTU) is an international university in all respect recruiting both undergrad and graduate students from many countries, not only in S E Asia and in terms of faculty recruitment but have race from well over 40 countries. IntheQS mankind University Rankings 2011, NTU is ranked 58th in the world a quantum leap from its 74th placing in the 2010 ranking.This makes NTU one of the fastest-rising uni versities in the top 100 of the 2011 QS being University Rankings, as well as the fastest-rising Asian university. It is highly ranked in both World and Asian terms and are currently ranked 14 in Asia and business concern school is ranked 24 in the World by the Financial propagation in respect to their MBA programme. There has been a renewed impetus given to research, touch on in part by the recruitment of leading scientists and technologists from across the World. These leading figures will nucleate progress research groups in forefront area.The university is fully committed to the development of multidisciplinary research in many areas of research Endeavour. The university has established its own high level international advisory body the NTUR Research Council, all major projects are expected to have high level international advisory panels and Appointments, Promotion and Tenure process for faculty is extremely rigorous. In undergraduate education, NUS has seen a rise in t he qualifications of the students admitted to NTU. NTU has flipper distinct programs that allow students to study, do research and work oversea.Among these are the Global incoming Programme, with four different work/study/research options with leading companies and partner-universities in Asia, europium and North America. Currently, 43% of undergraduates enjoy overseas exposure, which helps them acquire a global mindset. Tech-savvy and adaptable, graduates of the university are sought-after and well-paid, drawing some of the highest offset salaries among local university graduates. NTU has unveiled its five-year strategic plan, NTU 2015, which maps out how it will become a great global university by 2015.Under this, NTU will build on its current strengths and heritage to make its mark internationally in five areas sustainability, healthcare, new media, the best of the East and West, and alteration. The areas supplement NTUs diverse strengths, particularly its longstanding e xpertise in engineering and business, and the interfaces these have with various disciplines such as healthcare, science and the humanities. With almost S$1billion of research funding in the area of sustainability, NTU is already a global leader in this area. 3. 21 Salient features * Currently ranked 14 in Asia * 34,000 students Research funding 80% from Govt. and 20% from Industry. Multidisciplinary research, Research areas Earth science innovation center, Environment and aliveness science, Bioengineering, Bacterial Biofilm field Faculty on tenure for 6 years and maximum up to ix years. Alumni associations formed all over the world in countries like China, india and Thailand. Has a truehearted alumni base of 1,56,000 in 105 countries NTU mean in 4I s Inspire, inculcate, innovate, incubate Laboratories have equipments made easily available to students. very(prenominal) impressive Guest book signing ceremony with the guest and the president of NTU . 30 Nanyang Polytechnic (NYP) Campus Brief history naturalized on 1 April 1992. Enrolled its pioneer the great unwashed of students for its School of Health Sciences and School of Business Management in July 1992. Set up the School of Engineering and the School of Information Technology in July 1993. The French-Singapore Institute, German-Singapore Institute and the Japan-Singapore Institute were transferred from the Economic developing Board to the Polytechnic in February 1993. Operated from five temporary campuses Bukit Merah, Jurong, Outram, Tiong Bahru and Yishun before moving to its permanent home in Ang Mo Kio in April 1998.Set up the School of Design and School of Chemical & Life Sciences in November 2000. The School of Interactive & digital Media was established in November 2006. Mr Chan Lee Mun took over as Principal and CEO in sniffy 2007, Mr Lin Cheng Ton went on to head NYP International. 3. 31 Salient Features * Strategic plan for five years * Works with National Manpower council to work out the men needs of industry * Industry collaboration learning pulverization concept. * Teachers with at least 5 years experience in Industry . * Being a sheepskin level institute ,Patents registered. * Research drive by faculty & Industry. Polytechnic students take up research projects led by faculty. * Work closely with Industry and inject realism in work. * Innovation Centre * Market-Oriented Planning, Training Systems, Capabilities study * Application and Development Oriented Training Regional and International Orientation 3. 32 The Teaching milling machinery supposition A hallmark concept of Nanyang Polytechnic (NYP) the Teaching Factory Concept is a concept that facilitates effective learning in the implementation of broad-based curricula in the first two years and specialist studies in the final year.The students spend 3-6 months in industry for internship to understand business environment and technical value. It is a concept which adopts a practice and application- oriented training approach that combines the learning and working environment from which realistic and relevant learning experiences arise. 4. 0 Conclusion It was seen that all the three Institutes have developed into world class Universities and polytechnic within a span of 15-20 years and this was planned as a strategy and supported by Government.If India has to be known for such globally reputed universities then it calls for a systematic strategic plan to set up goals and achieve it over a planned period with the support of our government and its policies. With all the resources available in our country and strategic planning we can develop our Engineering Institutes into world class Institutes. 8 There was nothing very different in the working and organisation of NTU and NUS. Both the universities were offering Engineering programs along with all the other programs like sciences, medicine, commerce, journalism, humanities etc.Proper policies to focus on faculty development & c reation of research culture can help to transform our Engineering Institutes. There has been a shortage of qualified faculty with PhDs and post graduates in engineering for a long period now. We need to scale up PhD and PG programs in our universities ensuring the quality standards . We also should have attractive schemes to be able to attract and convince the young propagation for higher studies so that there will be a pool of suitable , qualified research minded people available to satisfy the demand of industries and education sector. There is shortage of 1. 5 lakh engineering teachers.As per NASSCOM News room as demand for engineers grows, experts say India has only 10 to 30% of qualified Instructors it needs. Government policies are supporting the government assisted & funded institutes or Government Institutes what about private unaided Institutes which comprise almost 90 % of Colleges in India, If in India more number of institutes should be able to provide hands which is employable & useful to contribute to natural Research & Development, Entrepreneurship in Engineering field, then it is must that our Engineering & Technology Institute should start adopting world class best practices.From all top Institutes almost 1/10th of our graduate engineers wish to take admission in foreign Universities for their post graduate and Ph. D. programmes. We need to reflect on this issue very seriously. How can we develop and improve prevailing engineering education system in India where our own students will give top priority to study. preempt Industries, small to medium scale view on University and Engineering Colleges for their Research & Development?Can we identify certain Institutes as centres of Research & Development for Industries where they can join? We are not thinking of large scale industries with higher turnover of more than Rs. 1000 crores as these industries can set up their own R & D units. If Industries also come forward with their needs and identify certain Education Institutes in their region to collaborate and work in concert then it will have dual benefit of getting proper work force and continuous Training as well as Research & Development support, pensiveness centre etc.The students will get real life projects to work on, will be exposed to latest techniques and they will find their engineering education more relevant though experiential learning. Industries should develop credence in Institutes so that both can work together for mutual benefit. We at RIT have developed the following action plan after the visit to transform RIT in to Technological University and also shifting from Under Graduate Teaching Institute to Research Institute. 1. Strategic planning of the institute for 5 years with the goal of transforming it into University . edifice of large capacity lecture theater (approx. 600 capacity) with all the facilities to screen and record the lectures. 3. low capacity tutorial rooms (approx. 15-20 capac ity) with convenient furniture and recording facility. 4. Faculty training at NYP of 1-2 weeks/months duration in travel technology. 5. Student exchange programs for post- graduate programs at NTU. 6. Seeking expertise in weewee science research from NUS, earthquake engineering research and nanotechnology from NTU. 7.Implementing the concept of teaching factory at undergraduate level. 8. Use of advanced Pedagogical technologies for enhancing learning effectiveness. References 1 . Abdul Lathaf Naha , The Hindu, August 16, 2011. Where have Engineering Teachers Gone? 2. Prof. PP Bahuguna, Professor, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, Faculty Crunch in Technical Institutes in India and Possible Solutions,www. indiaeducationreview. com/ name/faculty-crunch 3. www. nus. edu. sg, www. ntu. edu. sg, www. nyp. edu. sg pic Few photographs of visit to NUS, NTU, NYP