Essay --

Personal Learning Reflection PaperOne of the main courses of this semester was to learn various organisational behaviors that are conducted in real business environment. By learning this course, we could understand our future colleagues and ourselves better. Throughout the semester, every week Ashley Hughes gave us an interesting lecture about(predicate) different topics of oranisational behaviors. Along with the weekly lectures we also had a group presentation that gave us the opportunity to apply the lessons and techniques learnt in our professional and personal lives.During the course of this semester, organizational Behavior has highlighted numerous topics, which concentrated on investigating the impact that individuals, groups and structures pee on behavior within an organization and how their behaviour affect the performance of the organizations for the figure of applying such technique towards improving an individuals or an organizations working effectiveness (Jontymagicm an, 2012). In this reflection paper, I will discuss the essential areas of organizational behavior the influence of motivation, managing change and individual learning at an organization.MotivationMotivation, as defined in class, is the energy and commitment a person is on the watch to dedicate to a task. In most of organisations, motivation is one of the most troublesome problems. Motivation is about the intensity, direction and persistence of reaching a goal. During the class, we have learned a substantial theories of motivation and many theories of motivations are used in real business. Each theory seems to have different basic values. But, they either have been analysed for one reason, recognising what motivates and increases the performance of employees. Ident... ...rganizational-behaviour-and-its-definition. Accessed 29 November 13.Stan Emelander. 2009. The Four Drive Theory in the Workplace. ONLINE Available athttp//www. bindsbase.com/human-resources-articles/the-four-driv e-theory-in-the-workplace-1650121.html. Accessed 30 November 13.MindTools. 2010. Cialdinis Six Principles of Influence. ONLINE Available athttp//www.mindtools.com/pages/article/six-principles-influence.htm. Accessed 02 December 13.Zhang, X, & BARTOL, K., 2010. Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity-The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 107-128.Vogler, D., 2010. Controlling vs. Empowering leadership. ONLINE Available athttp//www.revivallifestyle.com/controlling-vs-empowering-leadership-styles/. Accessed 04 December 13.

Shakespeares Othello - Iago as Good Strategician and Lucky Opportunist

Iago - Good Strategician and Lucky Opportunist Like with many evil personalities in history and literature the question is always asked did he really plan to make this happen or was it just luck and convenient circumstances, was it intentional or just circumstantial. To realize how good Iago really is at plotting and whether it is really his own influence or just prosperous circumstances that cause events I will examine his asides, soliloquies and interaction with key characters because they give an extra insight into his character. In the first scene we are thrown right into the action with the blood line between Iago and Roderigo. This first argument shows us how Iago is cunning and sly because he has already manipulated a weak Roderigo into paying him for something he hasnt even done yet. Roderigo who is obviously weak and simple has asked Iago to support him woo Desdemona in exchange for money, he thinks Iago has not done this because Desdemona is now at thi s moment marrying the moor. Yet Iago manages to convince Roderigo of his sheer hatred for Othello and swindle him come on of his money. As he by and by exerts in his soliloquy at the end of Act I.3 thus do I ever make my fool my purse this shows his stance to Roderigo he is just money for Iago a pawn in his plan. This attitude shows how to a certain extent Iago primes the character he will use later in his plan showing a consistent strategy, he knows he can use Roderigo in the future so keeps him on his side or else of being rude and sharp with him. You can see that Iago finds Roderigo tedious but keeps him a friend for his money and possible use in the future. As he goes on to speak he shows his jealousy and frustration, which ... ... still no closer to finding out. Similarly with Iago there is no doubt that he is intelligent and capable and his bitterness and jealousy fuels his plans but to an extent the circumstances played as big a role as the character. Sh akespeare created Iago and the circumstances because they reacted well together and make an interesting and exciting plot. So I believe it is fair to say that Iago, as a character is both a good strategician and a lucky opportunist in equal measures. Works Consulted Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare Othello. New York Penguin Books, 1968. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice The Norton Shakespeare. Ed. Stanley Wells & Gary Taylor. New York/London, W.W. Norton Company,1997. 2100-2174 Wain, John. Shakespeares Othello - A Casebook. London MacMillan Press. 1994

General Motors Asian Alliances :: Market Global Essays

global Motors Asian Alliances world(a) Motors, an American-based automotive manufacturer with a large global presence, has long held a large share of the oecumenic automotive market. Despite its market position and reputation for quality, the company has recently begun to struggle with brisk competitors in the Asian Pacific region, which has pushed their needs to develop new manufacturing technologies, as well as to better control costs and quality in its American manufacturing facilities. Beginning in the 1970s, several nations of the Asian Pacific region, just about notably Japan and South Korea, emerged as economic powerhouses. As their manufacturing bases matured, they entered the automotive industry and began to present new challenges as well as new opportunities for General Motors. GM would need to find a successful formula for doing business in this region, as well as develop and adopt innovations that would help it modify its manufacturing operations els ewhere. In this Case Study, we will examine the facts, the problems, identify the core problems in how General Motors has managed its business alliances in with Asian partner companies, and offer our recommendations how General Motors can best master the challenges of doing business in the East and fully benefit from its joint ventures.I. THE FACTSToyota and NUMMI In Japan, Toyota was the heavyweight of the automotive industry, controlling over cubic decimetre percent of the entire Japanese auto market, and eight percent of the total world market, making it the worlds third largest automotive manufacturer, behind wholly Ford and General Motors. Toyota presided over a tight confederation of companies, known as a keiretsu where a major manufacturer, such as Toyota, presides over a pyramid with the primary manufacturer on top, and several tiers of suppliers below. Unlike General Motors, who held seventy percent vertical integration with its global network of partnership s, alliances, and joint ventures, Toyota moreover had thirty percent vertical integration in its affiliations, but still managed to have many long-lasting and stable partnerships with its suppliers.Keiretsus were vast and closely-allied corporate partnerships which evolved from the pre-World War II zaibatsus, giant industrial conglomerates that dominated the nations pre-war economy and politics, but were broken up during by the post-war United States-run Occupation authority. These networks were bound by multiplex and long-lasting arrangements, often minority equity ownership by the company at the top of the keiretsu.

Technology & Business Essay -- essays research papers

Preliminary draft of Q1The Internet has opened up a range of new marketing opportunities for the commerce world. A blanket(a) range of advertisement options are availableBanner adsText adsPopupsTargeted adsThe last is of particular interest because it can provide advertisements targeted at the location of the user (country, townspeople etc). Take this exampleYour business has a small advertising budget and you want to do some Internet advertising. Every click your ad gets, that cost you gold. Say you only operate in Masterton, do you want people from Auckland or USA to see your ads and click on them, hence costing you money?Internet advertising is some(prenominal) cheaper than TV marketing. The bid for a 30 second advertising slot in the Superbowl went for a record 2.4 million dollars. some Internet Advertising agents do not charge you for the amount of times your ad is viewed, but by the amount of people who click on it, this makes it much cheaper than TV advertising.Google Ads ense program uses an advanced computer program to analyze the content of the page and deliver ads relevant to the page content. For exampleYour looking at a page reviewing books, the targeted ads will show bookstores in your area.http//www.gaebler.com/Television-Advertising-Costs.htmhttps//adwords.google.com/select/main?cmd=Login&sourceid=AWO&subid=US-ET-ADS&hl=en_UShttps//www.google.com/adsense/?sourceid=aso&subid=ww-et-awhomegap&hl=en_USPreliminary draft of Q2Since the...

The Voice of An Old Mans Winter Night :: Old Mans Winter Night

The Voice of  An Old Mans winter Night       Perhaps the most haunting poem in Mountain breakup is An Old Mans Winter Night, a poem about an gray-haired man dying in the wintry climate of New England and al oneness.  Here, more so than in The Oven Bird, the comfort of a warmly human subject is held out no one who ever responded to a Norman Rockwell magazine cover could but be taken by the old man, alone in his house (All out-of-doors looked darkly in at him), unable to summon up the resources to hold the winter dark at bay What kept his eyes from giving back the gaze Was the lamp tilted near them in his hand. What kept him from remembering what it was That brought him to that creaking room was age. only when if lovers of Rockwell had paused over these lines and tried to read and listen to them, they might well have noted how odd is their disposition. The sense of them is that the old man cant see out because the lamp wont support him to see out -- al l he gets back is an image of himself. And if he cannot see out, neither can he see in he is so old that he cant remember how or why he is where he is. But what, in the prose paraphrase are concerned and sympathetic insights into the plight of old age, sound rather different when experienced through the sing-song, rather telegraphic formulations of the lines. As with The Oven Bird there is a heavy use of the verb to be was occurs terzetto times in four lines, something a novice writer of poetry would try to avoid. And there are also three whats, two of which occur in a single line (What kept him from remembering what it was), designed to make it hard to indulge in sad feelings about old age -- one notices the way that age is quietly buried at the very end of the next line. Apropos of his sister Jeanie, Frost claimed that as he grew older he found it easier to lie awake and worry about other peoples troubles. But he is at least as much a critic of such(prenominal) sympathetic identi fication with others -- lonely old men or oven birds -- as a practitioner of it. Or rather, some of the best poems in Mountain Interval derive their energy from the play of movement toward and withdrawal from the subject contemplated, play such as can be seen in two lines further on which summarize the old man in his setting

The Potential for Future Crop Loss Essay -- Agriculture Farming Enviro

The Potential for Future Crop LossOn the subject of potential act upon loss at that place are several variables, which influence drought and plant disease resulting in a loss of crops.The first variable is that of drought. Drought is a result of alter weather patterns, which changes the amount of precipitation an area receives. There are three major causes of drought, deficient and unfavorably distributed precipitation, excess heat and warm pulls (Nemanishen, 1998, p.35). Historically the grasslands of marriage America have had a highly varied climate with years of drought immediately followed by years of sufficient precipitation. For example, in the area of the Palliser triangle in the grasslands of Canada, wheat crop loss has been seen numerous times in history varying in severity depending on the weather patterns of the season. In drought years the wheat yield is particularly sensitive to low antecedent moisture reserves, below average rainfall in the crop growing season, a nd summer heat waves with hot, dry winds (Nemanishen, 1998, p.24). In consecutive drought years the precipitation deficit accumulates resulting in farming moisture depletion in the root systems (Nemanishen, 1998, p.26). The loss of soil moisture also leads to a lack of ground water recharge resulting in declines of runoff and stream flow making the crops particularly susceptible to wind erosion. Major droughts have reduced annual grassland rainfall fifteen to twenty-five percent and July and August average rainfall twenty-five to fifty percent. As a result of drought wheat crop production dropped twenty five percent in North America (Borchert, 1971, pp10-11). In order to avoid crop loss it is important for scientists and farmers to identify weather patterns ... ...ast, its happening right now and it will happen in the future.Works Cited Borchert, J. R. (1971). The dust bowl in the 1970s. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 61(1), 1-22. Boyce, N. (2001). Revi siting Irelands great famine. U.S. News and World Report, 130(24), 44. Daly, D.C. (1996). The leaf that launched a thousand ships. Natural History, 105(1), 24-32. Hertstein, U., Grunhage, L., & Jager, H. J. (1995). Assessment of past, present, and future impacts of ozone and carbon-dioxide on crop yields. atmospherical Environment, 29 (16), 2031-2039 Lowdermilk, W. C. (1999). Conquest of the land through 7,000 years. Agriculture Information Bulletin, (99), 1-24. Nemanishen, W. (1998) Drought in the Palliser Triangle. PFRA Drought Committee. 23-40.

The Potential for Future Crop Loss Essay -- Agriculture Farming Enviro

The Potential for Future Crop LossOn the subject of potential crop loss there are several(prenominal) variables, which influence drouth and plant disease resulting in a loss of crops.The first variable is that of drought. Drought is a result of shifting weather patterns, which changes the count of precipitation an area receives. There are three major causes of drought, deficient and unfavorably distributed precipitation, excess heat and warm winds (Nemanishen, 1998, p.35). Historically the grasslands of North America get to had a highly varied climate with years of drought immediately followed by years of sufficient precipitation. For example, in the area of the Palliser Triangle in the grasslands of Canada, pale yellow crop loss has been seen numerous times in history varying in severity depending on the weather patterns of the season. In drought years the chaff yield is particularly sensitive to low antecedent moisture reserves, below average rainfall in the crop growing season , and summer heat waves with hot, wry winds (Nemanishen, 1998, p.24). In consecutive drought years the precipitation deficit accumulates resulting in soil moisture depletion in the root systems (Nemanishen, 1998, p.26). The loss of soil moisture overly leads to a lack of ground water recharge resulting in declines of runoff and stream flow making the crops particularly susceptible to wind erosion. Major droughts withdraw reduced annual grassland rainfall fifteen to twenty-five percent and July and August average rainfall twenty-five to fifty percent. As a result of drought wheat crop production dropped twenty five percent in North America (Borchert, 1971, pp10-11). In order to avoid crop loss it is alpha for scientists and farmers to identify weather patterns ... ...ast, its happening right now and it will happen in the future.Works Cited Borchert, J. R. (1971). The dust bowl in the 1970s. Annals of the connection of American Geographers, 61(1), 1-22. Boyce, N. (2001). Revisiting Irelands great famine. U.S. News and World Report, 130(24), 44. Daly, D.C. (1996). The leaf that launched a thousand ships. Natural History, 105(1), 24-32. Hertstein, U., Grunhage, L., & Jager, H. J. (1995). Assessment of past, present, and future impacts of ozone and carbon-dioxide on crop yields. Atmospheric Environment, 29 (16), 2031-2039 Lowdermilk, W. C. (1999). conquering of the land through 7,000 years. Agriculture Information Bulletin, (99), 1-24. Nemanishen, W. (1998) Drought in the Palliser Triangle. PFRA Drought Committee. 23-40.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Computers Essay

I think this is an interesting topic when i am indeliberate in surfing some webs. And i wonder wherefore no one discuss this?. So, i am eager to make the first writing . Nowadays, most of people know to use computer. But what purposes they use it for ?. that s way we really recognize that it is so bad or good to use computer. You know, up to the ages, we classify the benefits of computer are. For people who work in big companies are required to know how to use computer for manage the project or only composing the contract, saving the database, even making a important data security for firm.In fact, A great benefit that a computer certainly work effectively and as replaced thousands of people to calculate the complex tasks by only one person or group. That save much money and time and even workers strength. And computer is the natural device for students to study, especially IT students. They can search documents which are related their curriculum or any information they are inter ested in their life on internet if that computer has global network.On the other hand, most of people are tired after sitting with computer for work a immense time in day, may relax their mind with many kinds of games they want, listen to music, study English and so on In a word, computer is the lift out device to everyone for many variety purposes. However, some people use computer for bad idea. it is nothing to useful for children are crazy for games day by day. That makes children put ont continue to study and their marks is gradually lower and lower.Furthermore, it is easy to attract crazy children and student with depraved culture. In my opinion, our government are lowering strictly behaviors uploading badly depraved things on internet. And certainly have to advice children and their parent to avoid putting bad those in their computer. I am strongly differ people who make children go down in an our developing country who will be the main leader our country in the future.

Case Study: Developing Chinks in the Vaunted “Toyota Way”

Introduction Since 2005 Toyota has dominated the car industry but when people rung of Toyota is was never to say that it had the best fuel efficiency, faster or even more luxurious. They al focusings spoke about how solid the car was, how good it was on gas and how they really never had a problem with the Toyota they bought. E very(prenominal)one that spoke about Toyota always said that it was a great car for a great price. Toyota has always focused on making a character car for a fair price and had the reputation as a great company to work for.The people that worked for Toyota always felt they were making a loss and part of a team. They felt their work mattered and problems were not swept under a rug in order to turn a profituntil recently. oer the last couple of years it seems that Toyota has run into more than their fair share of problems. Now when people talk about Toyota they mention mechanical problems or problems with the quality of the product. What has changed? What has taken Toyota off the path of a great car for a great price?Has Toyota sacrificed quality for quantity in order to turn a larger profit or was something behind all of this? Was part of the plan to recover the United States car industry to put into question the quality of the hostile simple machinemobile? Issues Addressed What has taken Toyota away from The Toyota itinerary (Nelson and Quick, 2011-586)? The Toyota way is, according to Toyota, a set of principles that have, until recently, set the standard for all other auto makers to follow. Toyota listens to the employees suggestions and even implements them if they make sense.Toyota recently conducted a study of the their products against the competitors, component by component only to find that just over half of all of their products were superior. This sign of findings found Toyota was scathe from mediocrity and maybe Toyotas pursuit of profit and becoming number one caused the loss of focus of the original fourteen princi ples that was the very core that got them to the top? Answering the Questions 1. Nelson and Quick describe espoused values as what members of an organization say they value (Nelson and Quick, 2011-560) and enacted values are values reflected in the way individuals actually behave (Nelson nd Quick, 2011-560). So one has to think that there is a strong possibility that Toyotas employees are no longer depression valued as employees. With the economy suffering, cuts are being made in almost every corporation in the world and Toyota is not exempt from this. Since 2009 Toyota has been suffering from the massive lawsuits of the braking problems of their vehicles and the vehicles unable to stop. With massive recalls and millions of dollars being paid out because of a quality issue the money had to come from somewhere.Since 2009 Toyota made huge cuts in manufacturing and payoff came to crawl and thus laying off a lot of employees. With employee layoffs comes the uncertainty of a future an d with that the employees are no longer smell outing like a family but now feeling like a number and numbers are easy to cut. 2. Toyota has always tried to stick with the original fourteen principles they manifestly label as the Toyota way. These fourteen basic principles are a pattern of basic assumptions that are considered valid and that are taught to new members as the way to perceive, think, and feel in the organization (Nelson and Quick, 2011- 740). The Toyota Way lends in the way management decision are made, process flows, amount of production and bringing problems to the surface vice sweeping them under a rug. 3. Up until the last few years The Toyota Way was preached, taught, and embedded into the way all employees acted and thought. Now the CEO of Toyota, Katsuaki Watanabe, is thinking that Toyota has strayed from the path of the Toyota Way and the quality of the product and the efficiency of the production companies are suffering because of this. 4.As virtually every company in the world is trying to figure out how to populate and make it through the recession, Toyota is no different. The CEO of Toyota faces new challenges as well as trying to get back to the core principles that brought them to the top of every auto manufacturing envy list. Toyota is trying to expand their operations, recover from the damaging reputation and instill the Toyota Way back into the entire corporation. Toyota is spending millions of dollars in an attempt to give Toyota the habitual confidence it once had.This challenge, in todays economy seems almost impossible but Toyota is committed and believes they will prevail. Conclusions I have always considered myself an diffuse minded individual and have tried to look at only the facts before coming to a conclusion. While Americas auto industries were on the verge of collapse and the United States government having to bail them out, I have to wonder why the United States government was so involved with the problems of th e Toyota products.At the peak of the auto industry crises in the United States our government ensured the problems with the quality and reliability of the Toyota products were questionable and always in the headlines of all the news. With the United States trying to recover what was left of the auto industry and ensure the American people had faith in the quality of the American automobile they always made sure the quality of the import was in question. One has to think that something was behind all this to ensure the American people went back to buying American automobiles.Has Toyota really left the path of the Toyota Way or did they get pushed off the path? ? References Isidore, Chris. CNN Money. February 9, 2001. http//money. cnn. com/2011/02/08/news/companies/toyota_cost_cutting/index. htm Nelson, D. & Campbell-Quick, J. , (2011). Organizational Behavior Science, the Real World and You. (7th ed. ). Canada South-Western Cengage Learning. Pace, Joe. The Workplace Today and Tomorro w. The Professional Development Series, Book One.

Explanatory Synthesis

Sania Arsala Professor Anthony Pino English 101A 4 April 2013 The Source of Magic Explanatory Synthesis Although there are many fairy tales, Cinderella is a fairly well-known phantasyal story enjoyed and told by arguably thousands of cultures around the world. In the typical Cinderella fairy tale, the cigarette Godmother magically appears and transforms Cinderella from her destitute state into a beautiful princess who lives happily ever after with her Prince Charming. There are many versions of Cinderella from the different cultures that have embedded magic into the fairy tale.The source of that magic and tests differs in the ways it unites the Cinderella characters with her Prince Charming characters. Amongst the plethora of different cultures versions of Cinderella, Walt Disney uses the most common type of fairy tale magic. Once the stepsisters go to the ball, Cinderella is sobbing because she wants to go too. Her Fairy Godmother utterly appears and helps Cinderella prepare for the ball. She magically turns a pumpkin into a coach, mice into horses, and the dog into a footman.One last important magic piece is left to cast, and as the Fairy Godmother waves her magic wand and sings, Salaga doola, Menchicka boola, Bibbidi bobbidi boo Cinderellas ragged clothes turn into a beautiful gown. However, Cinderella is warned by the Fairy Godmother that she has to leave the ball before the clock strikes midnight because the spell will break and everything will turn back into its original form. Cinderella must take heed in what Fairy Godmother told her or consequences may follow.With the help of the Fairy Godmother, Cinderella is able to go to the ball, and she falls in love with the prince. Prince Charming is also madly in love with her and goes from house to house looking for her. Because of the magical slip of Cinderellas appearance, the princes only hope to find his princess is by making every girl try on the glass shoe Cinderella left do-nothing at the ball. T he use of magic allows the story to residue happily. However, the Fairy Godmother does not appear in some of the other cultures Cinderella stories she is not the source of magic.In the intrinsic American version of Cinderella, Oochigeaskw, The Rough-Faced Girl, no magic used to find her prince until after she meets the nonvisual One. Unlike in Disneys version, her own two malicious sisters physically suffering Oochigeaskw The wicked sister would burn her hands and feet with hot cinders, and she was covered with scars from this treatment (246). Without any help from anyone, Oochigeaskw decides to design a dress for herself out of sheets of birch bark.Even though Oochigeaskw does not look as beautiful as the Disney Cinderella, her inner beauty and ambition raise her successful in her mission without the need of a fairy godmother to unite her with the out of sight One. When the Invisible Ones sister asks Oochigeaskw if she can see him, she responds, I do indeedand he is wonderful (247). With that being said, the Invisible Ones sister takes her home and bathes her. Magically, her scars disappear from her innocent body, her hair looks rich and silky, and her eyes shine like stars.Oochigeaskw looks breathtakingly beautiful and becomes the Invisible Ones beloved wife. Oochigeaskws pains and diligence help her achieve what she wants, the Invisible One. The source of magic in this fairy tale is the Invisible Ones sister. Although the sister reveals Oochigeaskws true beauty by bathing her, this happens only after Oochigeaskw passes the pivotal test. Indeed, every Cinderella story has unique magic and hardships in it, scarce the source of magic and test is different in each version.Whether it is a Fairy Godmother or the Invisible Ones sister, the fairy tale is incomplete complete nor successful without their presence. Their magic and test arise questions from readers whether Cinderella and prince charming will ever reunite, yet they still have hope for a happil y-ever-after ending. One of the the epochal difference between the two fairy tales is that Disney Cinderella hides her real self and beauty to win the princes love rather Oochigeaskw does not need material things to make her look beautiful in order to conquer the Invisible Ones heart.Oochigeaskw did not ask for the help of magic to give her happiness which was the Invisible one, instead she was blessed with it. On the other hand, Cinderella and Prince Charming are able to unite and become one forever with the aide of magic. Further, even though the Native American Cinderella has a different story compared to the Disney version, the theme of magic and test given to Cinderella helps readers understand it is a Cinderella story, as does the fact that both characters at the end marry their beloved and live happily ever after.Readers can also conclude that every Cinderella does not necessarily need magic with self-confidence and patience one can achieve their goals and desires just like Oochigeaskw. Work Cited Oochigeaskw-The Rough-Faced Girl. Writing and Reading crosswise The Curriculum, 12th Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston Pearson, 2013. 245-247. Print. Grant, Campbell. Walt Disneys Cinderella. Writing and Reading Across The Curriculum, 12th Ed. Laurence Behrens and Leonard J. Rosen. Boston Pearson, 2013. 247-249. Print.

Durga puja Essay

Different people may have different stop on the need and importance of Durga Puja. If one is looking from the traditional caput of soak up then Durga, who is considered as the culmination of energies of the various Gods resembles the victory of the good everywhere the evil. Goddess Durga has not only the powers to destroy evil but also the lovingness centre of attention of a Mother and is therefore, referred popularly as Maa Durga. She is also referred to as Aditi the father of all(prenominal) gods and goddesses.This endearing quality of Durga makes Her so very lovable in the minds of Her followers.From cosmos mother of all creations She equally holds the place of the wastrel. The word Durga means durduhkhena gamyate destroyer of all evil and ignorance. Modern day importance the concept of womens rightistMaa Durga with Her all powering qualities represents the feminist concept of women-power. It calls for the respect of the mother and women in our lives. No where it is measurable than in India where gender discrimination is still rampant. Durga Pujas and its various traditions like the Kumari Puja ship out an idea to the followers to respect Womanhood. in fkvbrnvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvverfvkmedcomedcmelmclemclemcklecregister forgotBottom of dustMaa DurgaImportance of Durga PujaDifferent people may have different take on the need and importance of Durga Puja. If one is looking from the traditional point of view then Durga, who is considered as the culmination of energies of the various Gods resembles the victory of the good over the evil. Goddess Durga has not only the powers to destroy evil but also the caring heart of a Mother and is therefore, referred popularly as Maa Durga. She is also referred to as Aditi the mother of all gods and goddesses.This endearing quality of Durga makes Her so very lovable in the minds of Her followers.From bei ng mother of all creations She equally holds the place of the destroyer. The word Durga means durduhkhena gamyate destroyer of all evil and ignorance. Modern day importance the concept of feministMaa Durga with Her all powering qualities represents the feminist concept of women-power. It calls for the respect of the mother and women in our lives. No where it is important than in India where gender discrimination is still rampant. Durga Pujas and its various traditions like the Kumari Puja send forth an idea to the followers to respect Womanhood. in fkvbrnvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvverfvkmedcomedcmelmclemclemcklecregister forgotBottom of FormMaa DurgaImportance of Durga PujaDifferent people may have different take on the need and importance of Durga Puja. If one is looking from the traditional point of view then Durga, who is considered as the culmination of energies of the various Gods resembles the victory of the good over the evil. Goddess Durga has not only the powers to destroy evil but also the caring heart of a Mother and is therefore, referred popularly as Maa Durga. She is also referred to as Aditi the mother of all gods and goddesses. This endearing quality of Durga makes Herso very lovable in the minds of Her followers.From being mother of all creations She equally holds the place of the destroyer. The word Durga means durduhkhena gamyate destroyer of all evil and ignorance. Modern day importance the concept of feministMaa Durga with Her all powering qualities represents the feminist concept of women-power. It calls for the respect of the mother and women in our lives. No where it is important than in India where gender discrimination is still rampant. Durga Pujas and its various traditions like the Kumari Puja send forth an idea to the followers to respect Womanhood. in fkvbrnvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv- vvvvvvvvvverfvkmedcomedcmelmclemclemcklec

Globalisation Is a Euphamism for Neo-Colonialism

Globalisation is a euphemism for neo-colonialism. Discuss. Globalisation is a complex and multifaceted issue (Bayliss 2008252). However, this essay will on the unbalance between western powers and the maturation world and consequential exploitation, which, rather than being condemned as neo-colonialism, is justify as globalization. The end of colonial rule did not mark the end of the trend of sparing control and exploitation of the developing world (Manzo 2009267).The cultural, political and economic effects of globalization upon the developing world resemble that of neo-colonial power an inconsistency that is defended by the bounty of neo-liberalism and egalitarianism of the free market. This essay will focus on the cultural and political international dominance of the west and economic partiality of globalised institutions, referring to IR theories of globalisation defending it as skilful (Bayliss 2008248, Pasha 2009330) and condemning it as capitalist imperialism.Colonialis m describes a period of expansion and exploitation by European powers spanning the 15th to twentieth Century, the political control, physical occupation, and domination of people and their land (Crawford 2002131). Between 1946 and 1976 European powers granted independence to all their colonies. However, Horvath writing in 1972 argues that neo-colonialism swiftly followed its predecessor (Horvath 197246).Neo-colonialism implies that whilst post-colonial states achieve nominal s everywhereeignty within the international trunk, they remain dependent upon western powers and are subsequently politically controlled, culturally conditioned and economically exploited (Nkrumah 1968x-xii). States with the outward-bound trappings of international sovereignty but in reality have their economic system and thus its political policy directed from outside. (Nkrumah 1968xi)globalization can be defined as the expansion of worldwide interconnectedness where states integrate and supranational instit utions are formed. Whilst stronger states control their involvement, weaker states are forced to integrate, being influenced rather than influencing (Bayliss 2008255). Neo-liberalism argues integration is beneficial (Bayliss 2008249, Sorenson 199710) globalization will restructure the world economy without the need for interventionist policies creating equality within a competitive free market (Hirst 1999134).World-system theory however, describes monopoly capitalism where luxuriant core states exploit peripheral poorer states, essentially an international class system (Bayliss 2008147, Wallerstein 1989). Realist thought, would argue that powerful states simply use the globalised system for their own benefit (Waltz 1979). Globalization could therefore be seen as an instrument for imperialism kick upstairsing strong capitalist states (Bayliss 2008153) essentially a euphemism for neo-colonialism. Democracy is promoted through globalization base upon neoliberal ideals of humanities remedy to libertarian happiness (Morgenthau 1960100).The political weight of Western thought, and the professed moral legitimacy of its international promotion highlights a neo-colonial dominance (Nkrumah 1968ix), The Western world believes international co-operation can however safely occur between liberal democratic states (Owen 199496). Separate peace (Doyle 19861151), co-operation solely between liberal democracies, can be seen through EU ingress criteria (Europa 2010Copenh daysn Criteria) and ENP policy (DeBardeleben 200821) and IMF and World Bank loan policy (Cogan 2009211). Imposing Western political principles using economic incentive.Here, humanitarian upkeep is a gift of neo-colonialism unknown capital used for the exploitation rather than the development of the third world (Nkrumah 1968x) For Western powers force is often a necessary option against illiberal states (Hoffman 199531) Owen 199497). US involvement in Afghanistan and Iraq has been motivated by the desire to spread democracy and ensure security (Owen 1994125-127). This power administration contradicts equality of neo-liberal co-operation in globalization suggesting political homogeneity imposed by an imperialist force.Realists argue that states espouse humanitarian motives as a pretext to cover the pursuit of national self-interest (Franck and Rodley 1973). Nato selectivity of reply in Kosovo (1999) failing to act in Sudan (Bayliss 2008527) and the illegitimate intervention of France in Rwanda (1994) expose a flawed international justice, where Western powers act without restraint. In 2005 the UN choose the responsibility to protect, giving itself legitimate right act upon human rights breaches. This is one of many examples of nternational institutions imposing Western political and moral ethics justified by an international responsibility (Morgan 197233-34) a practice widely accepted in Western public opinion (Reisman 1985279-80). Globalization is essentially creating an interna tional passing power that transcends state borders possessing hegemony on moral and political principles with a self-legitimised right to enforce them. Defenders of globalization suggest the international community is one of shared and defended set.However, these values are presented by the West, who misuse this influence to intervene without justification. Globalization has allowed for an increased flow of culture and traditions internationally. However, this flow has not been evenhanded, media dominance of Western powers dwarfing smaller states. The progress nature of US media and sheer weight of capital has dod Media Imperialism (Sklair 2002167) where the developed world is flooded by broadcasting promoting Western products, creating an externally dictated popular culture.The signification is a developed world dominated by Western products e. g. Coco cola the best selling drink in the world (Coca Cola 2010). under(a) the theory of neo-colonialism, neo-colonial states are ob liged to purchase manufactured products from imperial powers to the deficit of local products (Nkrumah 1968ix). The culture and products of powerful societies are not imposed upon weak societies by force or occupation (Crawford 2002131, Sklair 2002168) but underhandedly via an internationally dominant media limited to Anglo-American interests (Lee 198082).Whilst globalization arguably encourages multiculturalism (Bayliss 2008423), a disparate International system has created a dominant culture within the global community (Kymlicka 1991182) that exploits its status to the demise of the developing world (Golding and Harris 1997). Colonialism saw a moral arrogance with missionaries striving to create a replica of ones own country upon the natives (Emerson 196913-14) a noble purpose of saving the wretched. (Horvath 197246) Colonial powers occupied weaker states, imposing culture, religion and values based upon a superiority of power, policing and governing without legitimacy (Crawford 002131-133). Similarly neo-colonialism operates in political, religious, ideological and cultural spheres where the powerful transform the other into oneself (Toje 200883) based on moral conceit. Globalisation has revealed complaisance to Western democracy and culture, whether it has been received or enforced is the issue of debate. Globalisation as interconnectedness (Bayliss 2008252) economically the integration of national economies into global markets (Todaro 2000713) is driven by economic growth.The creation of the international free market intended to have a beneficial effect on developing countries (Hirst 1999134) shifting power aside from developed countries to the rest of the world (Martin 199712). However, free market competitor creates losers, often the most vulnerable feminized states (Peterson 2009287). Whilst globalisation did not create inequality, the solution for development was flawed, merely worsening the imbalance (Peterson 2009287) arguably, colonialism crea ting inequality, neo-colonialism maintaining it (Horvath 197246).Realists believe states only benefit at other states expense (Art, Waltz 198867-68) suggesting neo-liberal ideas of development would harm the developed nations. Whilst international economic institutions such(prenominal) as the WTO, IMF and World Bank are intended to maintain free trade and assist developing countries, they have often been accused actually maintaining inequality (Peterson 2009291) for the benefit of elites (Gray 1998, Greider 1997). A free market is intended to be free, impartial and competitive (Bayliss 2008249). However, the rules of world trade are created, and therefore weighted in favor of rich countries.For example, trade-related aspects of international policy rights require international patent protection favour firms based in the Western World who hold 90% of patents forcing pricy products on the developed world who cannot produced their own low cost versions, the worst example being that of patented medicine (Watkins 200278). The double standards of the free market are also apparent in trade tariffs (Anderson 2006147-159). no(prenominal)thern governments promote free trade and use the IMF and World Bank to impose import liberalization on poor states (Romano 20041012).Yet they refuse to open their own markets, south-north export trade tariffs cost developing countries $10 billion annually, twice the amount they receive from humanitarian aid (Watkins 200279). International economic institutions are essentially governed by Western powers the World bank presidential post dominated by American citizens since its creation, not based on votes but informal agreements between the US and European stakeholders (Cogan 2009209) Since the outset the US has shown dominance (Gowa 1983) creating the Bretton Woods system in 1944 and causing its breakdown, in 1971 (Bayliss 2008245).The competition of the free market, handicapped against the third world by dishonest steward of internati onal economic institutions has allowed for economic hegemony post-colonial states remaining dependant upon their former masters (Young 200145). redness theories fit alarmingly with criticisms of globalization, World System Theory and Dependency Theory showing resources flowing from periphery of poor, underdeveloped states to a core of wealthy states (Bayliss 2008147). miserable states are impoverished and rich ones enriched by the way poor states are forced into the globalised world system (Blomstrom 19848-45).Lenins work Imperialism, The Highest stage of Capitalism shows a capitalist monopoly, essentially neo-colonial periphery at the bottom of a tiered international system, a system Marxists would argue is essentially globalisation (Bayliss 2008157). However, unlike colonialism globalization has arguably empowered ideas above states, giving the defenders of neo-colonial states a louder voice. Social Constructivism argues that globalisation is far deeper than interaction between states (Snyder 200460).Whilst colonialism remained acceptable for centuries, the exploitation and imbalance of the current world system does not go unnoticed, numerous NGOs pressuring government institutions and operating independently as aid organizations. Globalisation has created an imbalanced world system retaining no.th-South divides that emerged during Colonialism (Horvath 197246). Whilst neo-liberal free markets aimed to resolve the inequalities, Realism argues flaws and bias within the current international system were retained and created as to ensure the Western powers remained economically powerful over the developing world (Emerson 196915).Emerson claims it would be a turning point in history for global systems not to bring forth a newborn imperialism and new colonialism (Emerson 196916). The cultural and moral dominance of Western powers and active promotion of values, for the benefit of the developing world however, is a far more malevolent sign that globalization i s a euphemism for neo-colonialism (Nkrumah 1968xi). Bibliography Articles J. Cogan (2009) Representation and Power in International Organization The Operational Constitution and Its Critics The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 03, No. 2, pp. 209-263 R. Emerson (1969) Colonialism, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 3-16 J. Horvath (1972) A Definition of Colonialism Current Anthropology, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 45-57 J. M. Owen, (1994) How Liberalism Produces Democratic Peace, International Security, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Autumn, 1994). pp. 87-125. D. Roman, R. Sandbrook (2004) Globalisation, extremism and violence in poor countries Third World Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1007-1030. K. Watkins (2002) Is the WTO Legit? Foreign Policy, No. 132, pp. 78-79 J.Snyder (2004) One World, Rival Theories Foreign Policy, No. 145, pp. 62-62. Books J. Art and K. Waltz (ed. ) (1988) The use of force London University press of America. N. Crawford (2002) Argument and Change in W orld Politics, Cambridge Cambridge University Press J. DeBardeleben (2008) The boundaries of EU Enlargement, Basingstoke Palgrave MacMillan P. Hirst, G. Thompson (1999) Globalization question, Cambridge Polity Press S. Hoffman (1987) Janus and Minerva Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics, Boulder Westview Press. W.Greider (1997) One World Ready or Not The Manic Logic of Global Capitalism, New York Simon and Schuster J. Gray (1998) False Dawn The Delusions of Global Capitalism. London Granta Books J. Gowa (1983) Closing the Cold Window, New York Cornell University Press W. Kymlicka (1991) Liberalism residential area and Culture, Oxford Clarendon Press K. Nkrumah (1965) Neo-colonialism the last stage of imperialism, London Nelson C. Lee (1980) Media Imperialism Reconsidered The Homogenizing of Television Culture California Sage L. Sklair (2002) Globalization, Capitalism and its alternatives, New York Oxford University Press M.Todaro (2000) Economic Development , Harlow Addison Wesley Longman A. Toje (2008) America, The EU and strategical Culture London Routledge R. Young (2001) Post-colonialism An Historical Introduction Book Chapters K. Manzo (2009) Do colonialism and slavery belong to the past (ed. ) J. Edkins, M. Zehfuss, Global Politics and new introduction, London Routledge, pp. 244-271. V. Peterson (2009) How is the world create economically? (ed. ) J. Edkins, M. Zehfuss, Global Politics and new introduction, London Routledge, pp. 271-294. M. Pasha (2009) How can we end poverty (ed. J. Edkins, M. Zehfuss, Global Politics and new introduction, London Routledge, pp. 320-344 K. Anderson (2006) Subsidies and Trade Barriers (ed. ) Bjorn Lomborg How to pass off $50 to Make the World a Better Place, Cambridge Cambridge University Press, pp. 147-159. A. Bellamy, N. Wheeler (2008) Humanitarian Intervention in World Politics (ed. ) John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens The Globalization of world politics New York Oxford university pres s. pp. 522-538. S. Hobden, R. Wyn Jones (2008) Marxist theories of International Relations (ed. John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens The Globalization of world politics New York Oxford university press. pp. 142-157. N. Woods (2008) International political economy in an age of globalization (ed. ) John Baylis, Steve Smith, Patricia Owens The Globalization of world politics New York Oxford university press. pp. 244-258 Websites Coco-Cola Company, http//www. coca-cola. com/index. jsp Europa, Copenhagen Criteria, http//europa. eu/scadplus/glossary/accession_criteria_copenhague_en. htm Europa, ENP policy, http//ec. europa. eu/world/enp/policy_en. htm

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 13

Im so sorry. Im so sorry, Meredith said for the tenth time. Her usual y composed cheek was flushed, and her eyes were bright with unshed tears. lustrelessness didnt remember ever seeing her so upset ab start both(prenominal)thing, especial y something that had ended up not beingness a big deal. Sure, Celia could have been stick step to the fore, plainly the car hadnt touched her.Im fine, real y I am, Meredith, Celia assured her again.I just didnt see you. I dont get by how, but I didnt. Thank God for Alaric, Meredith said, throwing a grateful glance at Alaric, who was sitting close be grimace her and rubbing her back.Its okay, Meredith, he said. Its al okay. Alaric seemed more concerned for Meredith than for Celia, and Matt didnt blame him. Babbling was pretty out of character for Meredith. Alaric wrapped his arms tightly about Meredith, and she visibly relaxed.Celia, on the other hand, tensed not glassfulably as Meredith leaned into Alarics embrace. Matt traded a rueful g lance with sightly.Then Stefan reached out and stroked Elenas shoulder absently, and Matt was surprised to feel a jealous pang of his own. Wasnt he ever going to get over Elena Gilbert? It had been more than a year since they dated, and about a century in experience. fairish was stil assureing him, straightway with a speculative gleam in her eyes, and Matt shot her a bland smile. Hed just as soon not k instantaneously what Bonnie maxim in his face when he mannered at Elena and Stefan.Around this bend and up the slope is the Plunge, he said to Celia, ushering her forward along the trail. Its a piffling blot of a hike, but its the best place around here for a picnic.Absolutely the best, said Bonnie cheerily. We can jump down the waterfal . She fel in on Celias other side, helping him to herd her away from the two couples, who were murmuring to one another softly as they fol owed behind.Is that safe? asked Celia dubiously.Total y, said Bonnie. Everybody jumps the waterfal here, and nobodys ever gotten hurt. unwashed y its safe, said Matt, more cautiously. You and Meredith might want to think about not swimming, Celia.I hate this, Bonnie said. I hate having to be extra attentive because of some dark thing that we dont k straight anything about. Everything should be normal.Normal or not, it was a magnificent picnic. They spread their blankets on the rocks near the top of the waterfal . The smal fal s plummeted down the side of the cliff and ended in a deep pool of effervescent water, making a sort of natural fountain that spil ed into a spend a penny bronze-green pool. Mrs. Flowers had packed salads and breads and desserts for them, as wel as meat and corn to gril on a hibachi Stefan had brought from the boardinghouse. They had more than complete food for a couple days of camping, allow alone one lunch. Elena had stowed cold drinks in a cooler, and, by and by hiking up the trail in the Virginia summer heat, everyone was happy to crack open a lemonade or soda.Even Stefan withalk a water bottle and drank as he started heating the gril , although it was automatical y lowstood by everyone that he would not be eating. Matt had endlessly found the fact that he never saw Stefan eating a little creepy, even forwards Matt knew he was a vampire. The girls squirmed out of jeans and surpass to display their bathing suits, the likes of caterpil ars transforming into butterflies. Meredith was tan and lean in a black one-piece. Bonnie was wearing a petite mermaid-green bikini. Elena wore a soft favourable bandeau that went with her tomentum cerebri. Matt watched Stefan watching her appreciatively, and felt that little twist of jealousy again.Both Elena and Bonnie pul ed their T-shirts back on over their bathing suits close immediately. They always did Their pale skin burned instead of tanned. Celia lounged on a towel, looking spectacular in a casual yet daringly virgule white swimsuit. The effect of the pure white against Celias coffee-c olored skin was amazing. Matt noticed Merediths eyes passing over her and then glancing sharply at Alaric. But Alaric was too busy shucking down to a pair of red trunks. Stefan stayed out of the direct sunlight, remaining in his dark jeans and black T-shirt.Wasnt that a little creepy, too? Matt thought. Stefans ring protected him from the suns rays, didnt it? Did he stil have to stick to the shadows? And what was with the black clothing? Was he pretending to be Damon now? Matt frowned at the thought wizard Damon had been more than enough.Matt shook his head, stretched his arms and legs, turned his face toward the sun, and tried to get rid of his thoughts. He liked Stefan. He always had. Stefan was a approximate guy. A vampire, a dry voice in the back of his mind noted, even a harmless one, can rarely be described as a good guy. Matt ignored the voice.Lets jump he said, and headed toward the waterfal .not Meredith, said Stefan flatly. Not Meredith, and not Celia. You two stay here. There was a little silence, and he glanced up from the gril to see his friends staring at him. He kept his face neutral as he returned their gazes. This was a life-or-death situation. It was Stefans responsibility now to keep them safe, whether they liked it or not. He looked at them each in turn, holding their eyes. He was not going to back down.Meredith had risen to her feet to fol ow Matt to the fal sedge, and she hesitated for a moment, clearly unsure how to react. Then her face hardened, and Stefan saw that she had chosen to take a stand.She stepped toward him. Im sorry, Stefan, she said, her voice level. I know youre worried, but Im going to do what I decide I want to do. I can look after myself.She travel to join Matt, who was standing at the edge of the cliff, but Stefans hand whipped out to grab her wrist, his fingers as strong as steel. No, Meredith, he said firmly. Out of the corner of his eye, he saw Bonnies mouth drop open. Everyone was looking at him with puzzled, ill at ease(p) faces, and Stefan tried to soften his tone. Im just trying to do whats best for you.Meredith sighed, a long, gusty sound, and seemed to be making an effort to let go of some of her anger. I know that, Stefan, she said reasonably, and I appreciate it. But I cant go through the world not doing the things I usual y do, just postponement for whatever this is to come get me.She tried to move around him, but he sidestepped to block her way again.Meredith glanced at Celia, who threw up her hands and shook her head. Dont look at me, Celia said. I have no urge to jump off a cliff. Im just going to lie in the sunshine and let you al work this out yourselves. She leaned back on her hands and turned her face toward the sun. Merediths eyes narrowed and she whirled back to Stefan. As she was opening her mouth, Elena broke in.What if the rest of us go first? she suggested placatingly to Stefan. We can make sure theres nothing clearly dangerous down there. And wel be near her at the bo ttom. Nobodys ever been hurt jumping here, not that Ive heard of. Right, guys? Matt and Bonnie nodded in agreement. Stefan felt himself softening. Whenever Elena used her logical voice and her wide, appealing eyes, he found himself agreeing to plans that, in his bone marrow of hearts, he thought were foolhardy.Elena pressed her advantage. You could stand right by the water below, too, she said. Then, if theres any problem, you could dive in right away. Youre so fast, youd get there before anything bad could happen.Stefan knew this was wrong. He hadnt forgotten that sick swoop of despair, of realizing he was too slow to save someone. Once again, he saw Damons long, graceful leap toward Bonnie that had ended with Damon fal ing to earth, a wooden branch driven through his heart. Damon had died because Stefan was too slow to save him, too slow to realize the danger and save Bonnie himself.Hed also been too late to save Elena when she had driven off the bridge and drowned. The fact that she now lived again didnt mean he hadnt failed her then. He remembered her pale hair floating like seaweed in the chil y water of Wickery Creek, her hands stil resting on the steering wheel, her eyes closed, and shuddered. He had dived repeatedly before he found her. She had been so cold and white when he carried her to shore. Stil , he found himself nodding. What Elena wanted, Elena got. He would stand by and protect Meredith as best as he could, and he prayed, as far as a vampire could pray, that it would be enough.The rest of the friends stayed at the top while, down at the bottom of the fal s, Stefan surveyed the pool at his feet. The water sprayed up exuberantly from where the fal s hit the surface. Warm, pale sand encircled the pools edges, making a tiny beach, and the center of the pool seemed dark and deep.Matt jumped first, with a long, swing whoop as he plummeted. The splash as he hit the water was huge, and he seemed to stay submerged for a long time. Stefan leaned forw ard to watch the water. He couldnt see through the foam thrown up by the fal s, and an anxious quiver shot through his stomach.He was just thinking of nose dive in after him when Matts sleek wet head broke the surface. I touched the bottomhe announced, grinning, and shook his head like a dog, throwing shine drops of water everywhere. He swam toward Stefan, strong tan limbs moving powerful y, and Stefan thought how easy everything seemed for Matt. He was a creature of sunlight and simplicity, while Stefan was stuck in the shadows, brisk a long half-life of secrets and loneliness. Sure, his sapphire ring let him walk in the sun, but being exposed to the sunlight for a long time, like today, was uncomfortable, as if there were some kind of itch deep inside him. It was worse now that he was readjusting to a diet of animal blood again. His uneasiness was yet another reminder that he didnt real y belong here. Not the way Matt did.He shrugged off his sour feelings, surprised at their e mergence in the first place. Matt was a good friend. He always had been. The daylight must be getting to him. Bonnie jumped next, and surfaced more quickly, spit out and snorting. Oof she said. I got water up my nose Ugh She pul ed herself out of the water and perched on a rock near Stefans feet. You dont swim? she asked him.Stefan was struck with a pretentiousness of memory. Damon, tanned and strong, splashing him and laughing in one of his rare fits of good humor. It was hundreds of years ago now. Back when the Salvatore brothers had lived in the sunlight, back before even the great-grandparents of his friends had been born. Not for a long time, he answered. Elena jumped with the same casual grace as she did everything else, straight as an arrow toward the bottom of the fal s, her gold bathing suit and her deluxe hair gleaming in the sunshine. She was underwater for longer than Bonnie had been, and again Stefan tensed, watching the pool. When she broke the surface, she gave the m a rueful grin. I couldnt quite reach the bottom, she said. I was stretching and stretching down. I could see the sand, but the water pushed me back up.I didnt even try, Bonnie said. Ive accepted that Im too short.Elena swam away from the bottom of the fal s and climbed onto the sand, settling next to Bonnie at Stefans feet. Matt climbed out of the water, too, and stood near the fal s, gazing up critical y. Just jump feetfirst, Meredith, he cal ed teasingly. Youre such a show-off.Meredith was poised at the edge of the fal s. She saluted them and then leaped into a perfect swan dive, arching swiftly toward the pool, disappearing smoothly beneath the water with barely a splash.She was on the swim team, Bonnie saidconversational y to Stefan. She has a row of ribbons and trophies on a shelf at home.Stefan nodded absently, his eyes scanning the water. certainly Merediths head would break the surface in a second. The others had taken about this long to reemerge.Can I jump yet? Alaric cal ed from above.No Elena shouted. She go up to her feet and she and Stefan exchanged a worried glance. Meredith had been down there too long.Meredith surfaced, sputtering and pushing her wet hair out of her eyes. Stefan relaxed.I did it she cal ed. I Her eyes widened and she began to shriek, but her scream was cut off as she was abruptly yanked under the water by something they couldnt see. In the space of a breath, she was gone.For a moment, Stefan just stared at where Meredith had been, uneffective to move. Too slow, too slow, an internal voice taunted him, and he pictured Damons face, laughing cruel y and saying again, So fragile, Stefan. He couldnt see Meredith anywhere under the clear, effervescent water. It was as if she had been taken suddenly away. Al of this flew through Stefans head in only a heartbeat, and then he dived into the water after her.Underwater, he couldnt see anything. The white water from the fal s bubbled up, throwing foam and golden sand in front of him.S tefan urgently channeled his Power to his eyes, sharpening his vision, but mostly that just meant that now he could see the individual bubbles of the white water and the grains of sand in sharp relief. Where was Meredith?The bubbling water was trying to push him up to the surface, too. He had to oppose to move forward through the murky water, reaching out. Something brushed his fingers and he grabbed at it, but it was only a handful of slippery pondweed.Where was she? Time was political campaign out. Humans could go without oxygen for only a few minutes before brain damage set in. A few minutes after that, there would be no recovery at al .He remembered Elenas drowning once more, the frail white shape that he had pul ed from Matts wrecked car, ice crystals in her hair. The water here was warm, but would kil Meredith just as surely. He swal owed a sob and reached out frantical y again into the shadowed depths. His fingers found skin, and it moved against his hand. Stefan grasped wh atever limb it was, tight enough to bruise, and surged forward. In less than a second more, he could see that it was Merediths arm. She was conscious, her mouth tight with fear, her hair streaming around her in the water.At first he couldnt see why she hadnt come to the surface. Then Meredith gestured emphatical y, reaching to fumble at long tendrils of pondweed that had somehow run short entangled with her legs.Stefan swam down, pushing against the white water from the fal s, and tried to work his hand under the pondweed to pul it off her. It was wrapped so tightly around Merediths legs that he couldnt get his fingers beneath it. Her skin was pressed white by the strands.Stefan struggled for a moment, then swam closer and let Power surge into him, sharpening and lengthening his canines. He bit, careful not to scratch Merediths legs, and pul ed at the pondweed, but it resisted him. A little late, he realized that the resilience of the plants must be supernatural His Power-enhanced strength was enough to break bones, tear through metal, and should have had no problem with a bit of pondweed.And final y so slow, he reprimanded himself, always just so damn slow he realized what he was looking at. Stefan felt his eyes widen in horror.The tight strands of pondweed against Merediths long legs spel ed out a name.

Hazard of Coal and Coal Mining to Human Health Essay

blacken is a solid but brittle sedimentary jolt with a inborn brown to black color and is made up of one C, hydrogen, atomic number 8, nitrogen, and lesser amounts o f sulphur and trace elements. burn is classified into quartet types depending on the carbo n, oxygen and hydrogen content on which the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) the carbon content, the much nada the combust contains ( char at a Glance, 2009). The amount of energy in burn is define d by the heat abide by measured by British thermal units (Btu). One Btu is equivalent to the amount of energy in a single match (RockTalk, 2005). The four types of char include lignite, sub bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite. The lowest swan of the ember i s lignite and has a change value of 4,000 to 8,300 British thermal units (Btu) per pound.This type is the sof screen with high moisture content, least amount of carbon a nd is mainly use to produce electrical energy. The second least of the four types is sub-bitumino us blacken with a heat value of 8,300 to 13,000 Btu per pound and contains 35 to 45 per centum carbon. After addition of more heat and printing press on lignite, bituminous blacken is formed which is made of many tiny layers. It contains 11,000 to 15,500 Btu per pound heating value and is an all-important(a) fuel for the marque and iron in systemries. Of the commonly minable embers, anthracite is the hardest and has a heating value of 15,000 Btu per p ound containing 86 to 97 percent carbon ( coal at a Glance, 2009).Coal is a non-renewable source of energy because it takes million of years to form. It has become a powerhouse by the 1800s in America in which the people utilize char to manufacture goods and to power steamships and railroad engines . It was noted that after the Ameri apprize civilized war, coal was used to make iron and steel and by the end of 1800s, people used coal to make electricity. In the 1900s, coal is the mainstay for the res publicas business and in studries. Coal stayed Americas number one energy source until petroleum was used for petroleum products that became a demand. In 2009, 93.6 percent of all the coal in the get together States was used for electricity production.Coal gene grade almost half of the electricity used in the U.S (Coal at a Glance, 2009). Based from Gree n World Investor (2011), coal has numerous uses in the beginning as a source of fuel and as a rich carbon source. It in addition plays an important role in cement and steel in frameries and coal is the crowingst source of electricity production. Coal is mainly used as fuel to generate electricity t hrough combustion. In steel production, coal together with iron, be the two raw materials used to produce steel in which the former is used as a fuel to smelt the iron in furnace until the cast iron is further refined. Similar with electricity and cement production, coal is also being used as a fuel in cement industry. Furthermore, constitution a nd alum inum industry also uses coal as a fuel since coal is cheap and precise available for these types of industries that are bulky consumers of energy fuel.According to World Coal connexion (2012), the biggest market for coal is Asia, which currently accounts for over 65% of global coal consumption although China is obligated for a significant proportion of this. Many countries do not direct n atural energy resources fit to cover their energy needs, and therefore need to import energy to help meet their requirements. Japan, Chinese capital of Taiwan and Korea, for example, import significant quantities of steam coal for electricity generation and co king coal for steel production. They also added that coal users further include alumina refineries and chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Chemical products can be produced from the by-products of coal. Refined coal tar is used in the manufacture of c hemicals, much(prenominal) as creosote oil, naphthalene, phenol, and benzene.Des pite the myriad benefits coal has to offer, t here is al substances a disadvantage of using it. According to Fossil Fuel Resources (2012), coal burning causes the emission of harmful perily such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphuric bitters, arsenic and ash. Furthermore, coal emits twice as much carbon dioxide compared to natural gas in producing the same level of heat which increases the level of emission of greenhouses ga ses into the acress atmosphere. As well as large calculateies and power industry that burn coal causes acid rain in some areas. Moreover, coal digging damages t he landscape a nd the environment as a whole plus t he large and stertorous equipment used for digging may a ffect local wildlife.Transportation of coal can also be a problem since it requires extensive transportation system and causes additional befoulment from vehicle emissions. An new(prenominal)wise huge disadvantage is that the coal is a non-renewable energy source and thi s millennium, coal can be down in the mouth if burning of coal is continued in the future. Likewise, in coal digging industry, wellness difficulties of miners occur and fatalities cod to dangerous nature of work increase. This paper would be tackling about the wellness Hazard that is imposed other could be caused by coal and coal mi ning. However, it is important to understand the impact of this activity to providence and environment, which could help in knowing the impact to wellness t hus socioeconomic and environmental effects of coal mine are at the same judgment of conviction discussed.Developing co untries seek to exploit mineral resources to provide needed r veritable(a)ue thus, mineral wealth is a part of some nations natural capital (Davis and Tilton, 2003). However, Sideri and Johns (1990) give tongue to that mineral development does not always boost a unpolisheds economic growth and in some cases contribute to increased poverty. Some of the add factors f or this hap were low level of purpose, institutional corruption and mismanagement (Sideri and Johns, 1990). Coal industry development may terminus in national economic growth however, the benefits are not equally shared, causing local communities nearest to the exploit site suffer the most. Miranda et. al (1998) added that mining as a usual creations negative impacts such as alcoholism, prostitution a nd sexually transmitted disease.According to Dr. Michael Hendryx (2009), Areas with especially heavy mining stupefy the highest unemployment evaluate in the region contrary to the common perception that mining contributes to overall employment. S ynapse Energy Economics (2009) added, referring to Appalachia where mountaintop removal for coal mining is being done, History shows that the transition from wooden-headed to lift mining devastated the region economically, and that the prosperity of mining companies has not departed throw in strain with the economi c welfare of c oal mine workers. Appalachia has suffered from current and persistent economic di stress, and that this distress has been associated with employment in the mining industry, particularly coal mining. Mountaintop removal coal mining remove the miner from the process, replacing custody with machinery, and lowering the coal companies overhead cost (Appalachian Voices, 2012).From the term Mortality in Appalachian Coal archeological site Regions The Value of Statistical Life Lost authored by Michael Hendryx and Melissa M. Ahern (2009), it was stated that the Appalachian region of the United States has long been associated with severe socioeconomic disadvantages. These results to a misfortunate public health comprising elevated morbidity and deathrate rates for a variety of serious, chronic conditions, such as diabetes, intent disease, and some forms of cancer. Furthermore, recent studies have confirmed that health discrepancies exist in coal mining regions of Appalachia compared wit h other areas of the region or the nation . These discrepancies include elevated mortality rate rates for total causes, lung cancer, and some chronic illnesses.It was noted that t hese studies showed that mortality is related to to higher poverty, lower educati on levels, and smoking behavior, and further s uggested that environmental defilement from the mining industry is a contributing factor. In the believe of Paul junior (2004) , Environmental impacts of coal mining and associated wastes a geochemical perspec tive, it was stated that in the early years of coal mining, impact on the environment adversely affect long -established agricultural interests. The negative impacts of coal mining came to be accepted as a by-product of the generation of coal-based wealth d uring the time when coal trade dominate regional economies in mining districts. These negative impacts became unacceptable when large-scale mining began and took place in major(ip) coal-mining economies. It was furth er stated in the field of view that t he environmental impacts of coal mining are results of the exposure of rock-bottom earth materials that involves coal and others, to the oxidizing power of the Earths atmosphere. The study recognize subcategories of impacts under five major headings consisting of air pollu tion, fire hazards, ground deformation, pee pollution and irrigate resource depletion.Production of large quantities of waste is one major environmental issue that can be caused by coal mining. The impacts are more widespread in open-casts compared to subway system mining, which produces less waste. Severe impacts could cause degradation of aquatic and marine resources and causes water quality reduction. According to Johnson (1997), erosion after heavy rainfall pushes waste rock piles and runoffs to nigh waste bodies and sometimes, this lead to disruption, diversion, and changing of slope and bank stability of stream channel and t hese disturbances importantly reduces th e water quality. Ripley (1996) added that higher sediment concentrations increase the t urbidity of natural waters which lowers the available light to aquatic plant for photosynthesis. Elimination of important food source and decreased available habitat for fish to immigrate and spawn usually happens if there is increased sediment loads that s uffocate organisms in marine organisms (Johnson, 1997). Furthermore, higher sediments decrease the depth of water bodies which could contribute to flood (Mason, 1997).Deforestation is also a major verificatory environmental impact of coal mining especially i n opencast or surface mining. Biodiversity is greatly affected , more importantly the removal of vegetation that alters the shelter and the availability of food for the wildlife. Coal mining also poses an environmental alarm in wetlands such as estuaries, mangroves and floodplains that actually served as natural filters of pollution as well as provide habitat for aquatic organisms. The se areas are destroyed through and through direct habitat elimination or pollution from washable coals that were washed to produc e a well- delimitate pure coal (H.A. Mooney et al, 1995).Mining activities in general has many environmental impacts but at the same time, poses a significant risk to human health. The health cost of mining operations most of the time outweighs the advantages gaine d ( Yeboah, J.Y, 2008). Possible hazard including diseases or illnesses acquired from coal mining is discussed below as summary of dissimilar studies and obligates about health risks caused by exposure to coal and coal mining.The association of pneumoconiosi s and other respiratory health risks with exposure to respirable mixed dust was identified in the study of Love R.G, Miller B.G.,6 The Hazards of Coal and Coal Mining to Human health et. al. (1997), entitled Respiratory health effects of opencast coalmining a cross sectional study of current workers conducted in United Kingdom opencast coal mines. The study carried out 1,224 men and 25 women at nine large and medium sized opencast sites in England, Scotland and Wales. Full sized chest radiographs, respiratory symptoms, occupational history questionnaires, and simple spirometry were used in the study to characterize the respiratory health of the workforce. In addition, logistic or multiple regression techniques were utilise to examine relations amidst indices of exposure and respiratory health.The study c oncluded that the frequency of (mostly mild) chest radiographic abnormalities is associated with working in the dustier, preproduction jobs in the coal mining industry. Although some of these mild abnormalities may be non -occupational (due to senescent or smok ing), the association with exposure indicates a small risk of pneumoconiosis in these men, and the need to admonisher and control exposures, particularly in the high-risk occupations. This study of respiratory health effects of opencast coal mining seem s unalarming and maybe controlled since it was indicated that there is a small risk of pneumoconiosis among miners, however, coal mining effects to humans are not just limited to respiratory health. Furthermore, there are discordant studies that could prove that co al mining or coal combustion is a great contributing factor of respiratory illnesses most especially black lung disease.The negative impact of coal mining pollution to public health is analyzed in a study in wolfram Virginia. Michael Hendryx and Melissa Ahern (2008) used the data from a 2001 research survey correlated with data from West Virginia Geological and economic survey showing volume of coal production from mining. Hendryx and Ahern study was Relations between Health Indicators and Residential law of proximity to Coal Mining in West Virginia which have examined the coal mining in West Virginia if it is related to poorer health status and incidence of chronic illness. The study used data from a survey of 16, 4 93 West Virginians merged with county- level coal production and other covariates in investigating the relations between health indicators and residential proximity to coal mining.The research sought to find whether the effects of coal mining may result only from socioeconomic factors such as inco me and education problems together with environmental exposure problems or it a lso a ffects the health saying of the people. It was emphasized that quantitative research on health consequences of residential proximity to coal mining is limited to a few stud ies of respiratory illness, which was conducted in striking Britain. With t hese few studies, one showed no effect of coal mining but there are studies t hat found increased risks. These were the main reason why this study was conducted. The result of the study showed that As coal production increased, health status worsened, and rates of cardio pneumonic disease, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and kidney disease inc reased. deep down larger disease categories, specific types of disease associated with coal production included chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), black lung disease, and hypertension.The research found t hat the result of black lung disease is higher in men compared to women since this condition affects miners which are men. The risks for coal -associated illnesses increase with exposure to coal by-products. Toxins and impurities in coal cause kidney disease, hypertension and other cardiovascular disease. The effects also resulted from the general seditious or systemic consequences of inhaled p holds and these effects may be multi -factorial, a result of slurry holdings that leach toxins into drinking water and air pollution effects of coal mining and washing. This study served as a screening test to examine whether co al mining poses a health risk for adults living near the mining site. The researcher recommended that confirmatory tests should be undertaken to establi sh mechanism of action, magnitude, and health consequences of an exposure effect.Another study of health hazard brought by coal mining is The association between mountaintop mining and birth defects among live births in ce ntral Appalachia, 19962003, a research study authored by Melissa Ahern et. al.(2011). This study examined birth defects in mountaintop coal mining areas compared to other coal mining areas and in non-mining areas of central A ppalachia. The researchers aimed to know if higher birth-defect rates are present in mountaintop mining areas . Moreover, this study analyzed 1996-2003 live births i n four Central Appalachian states using natality files from National Center for Health Statistics.It was stated from the study that The prevalence rate ratio (PRR) for any birth defect was importantly higher in mountaintop m ining areas compared to n on-mining areas, but was not higher in the non m ountaintop mining areas, after controlling for covariates. Rates were significant ly higher in m ountain top m ining areas for six of s as yetty types of defects circulatory/ respiratory, central nervous system, m usculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, urogenital, and other. It was found out that mountaintop- mining effects became more pronounced in the last mentioned years (20002003) versus earlier years (19961999.). Furthermore, it was mentioned that the elevated birth defect rates are partly a function of socioeconomic disadvantage, but remain elevated after controlling for those risks. They also added that two socioeconomic and e nvironmenta l inf luences in mountaintop mining areas maybe contributing factors.In a researc h article authored by Hans L. Falk and William Jurgelski, Jr., Health personal effects of Coal Mining and Combustion Carcinogens and Cofactors, carcinogens and cofactors that may be present in coal is being tackled. As an epidemiologic evidence of carcinogenic risks in coal mining and combustion, it was mentioned that some(prenominal) epidemi ological studies imply that the incidence of gastric carcinoma in coal miners is elevated above that of comparable segments of the general population not engaged in mining of coal.On t he other hand, the article noted that death rate of coal miners from lung cancer is appreciably lower than the rate for non-miners of comparable age. It was explained that the data obtained from various studies about lower rate of lung cancer among coal miners loyally suggest that an unknown factor probably coal dust, exerts a protective effect from acquiring cancer. It was further noted that even though the coal dust is beneficial with regard to lung cancer, it is the causative factor of black lung disease. Therefore, while lung cancer rates might not increase as a result of an expansion of coal production, black lung and other respiratory diseases would probably become more prevalent.Health effect of exposure to respirable coal mine dust according to Center for Disease and Control Prevention includ es Black Lung Disease or Coal doers Pneumocosis (CWP), silicosis, mixed -dust pneumoconiosis and Chronic Obstructive pneumonic Disease (COPD). CWP was defined as a chronic dust disease of the lung and its sequelae, including respiratory and pulmonary impairments, arising out of coal mine employment. It was moreover defined as parenchymal lung disease produced by deposits of coal dust in the lung and the response of the host to the retained dust. The prime lesion of CWP is like that of silicosis however, the amount and nature of dust and quantity and disposition of fibrous tissue and the presence of emphysema differs. Coal macules are rounded, irregular and ranges from 1 to 5 millimeters, lesions are distributed symmetrically found in both lungs with a greater concentration in the upper lobes (Attfield and Wagner, 1992).The proportion of dust, cellular material, or collagen varies depending on the rank of coal dust inhaled (Cotes and Steel, 1987). Silicosis develops when respirab le silica inhaled is deposited in the lungs and varies from chronic, complicated, accelerated, or acute. Third is mixed -dust pneumoconiosis, which describes pulmonary lesions where crystalline silica is deposited combined with less fibrogenic dusts as iron oxides, kaolin, mica and coal (Silicosis and Silicate Disease Comittee, 1988). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to three disease processes which involve chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma which are all characterized by respiratory tract dysfunction (Barnhart, 1994). COPD is mainly caused by cigarette smoking nevertheless, it could also be caused by air pollution and exposure to dust. Chronic bronchitis is associated with airflow obstruction and abnormalities in gas exchange (Barnhart, 1994).Coal dust and its sequelae are not the only health hazards of coal mining. Common occupational hazards brought by mining are also applied in mining coal. According to Institute for Occupational and Safety Development (2006), M ining poses ugly risks to life and limb, not only to miners but to community as well .Hazardous mining operations caused both directly and indirectly countless accident. Hazards presented by mining to workers include intense exposure to heat, poor ventilation, fumes, repetitive stress injury, intense noise, manual handling of heavy machinery aside from biological and chemical hazard.mineworkers tend to have fluid and salt deficiency due to constant sweating since hydration is very limited combined with inte nse heat especially in underground mining sites. Furthermore, miners could have increased heart stress, heat stroke, and fertility reduction due to high temperature. Poor ventilation on the other hand, steals the oxygen from the body which results to brain malfunction and this can lead to death. Vibration from handling or operating large machines could result to permanent bone damage and vibration syndrome or dead finger syndrome that could proceed to hand and finger gangrene. The constant shaking could als o boarded to digestive problems because of constant moving of internal organs. comprehend impairment or disruption of body functions such as blood circulation and hormone imbalance could be a result of noise and hazardous sound that comes from drilling, blasting among others. Manual lifting of materials can cause approve troubles leading to acute pain.Based from the government statistics, a ccidents in the industry of mining was used to be 0.1% in the year 2000 of the total occupational accidents however in 2 002 it increased to 1.7% of the total accidents which is in fact only 0.3% of the total labor force was into mining and this poses a very dangerous trim down for mining ( IODC, 2006). Hazards mentioned above are, of course, i nevitable due to the nature of the activity itself. Yet, there are still other ways for them, in a way, to minimize the occurrence of these while working. In line with this is the importance of risk management.T o be aware of the Risk Management is very important most espe cially when involving to activities that could pose risk not only to one s heal th but also to emotional, psychosocial, economical and e nvironmental aspect of an individual. Risk management is mainly the identification, assessment and prioritizations of threats brought about the actions handout through or have gone through already. Through this method, t he pros and cons o f the action to be considered could be weighed. In t his discussion paper, certain risks that should have been given much attention b y the implementers of coal mining are tackled.From the hazards mentioned above, risk management that could minimize the impact includes the following assessment. There should have been even just an exhaust fan or some opening that some air could enter for them to be able to breathe as ordinarily as possible. Also, to be able to minimize cases of deafness, miners are talk over to wear ear plugs when heavy equipment is be i ng operated. Through this, noise could be minimized. It will also be advisable for the miners to have a sufficient supply of water with them as they progress with their work. Proper hydration is very much essential for them because there is poor ventilation inside the mine. The beverage they have with them should contain electrolytes for them to minimize incidence of fluid and salt deficiencies.An excerpt taken from t he article of Institute of Occupational Health and Safety Development s tates that, Mines exposes workers to different types of airborne particulates, making them endangered to systemic toxic effects due to the absorption of coal dus t. Coupled with poor ventilation, this can trigger accidents and cause death to workers. RSI being a soft -issue disorder is caused by overloading of particular muscle stem from repetitive use or maintenance of constrained postures. Miners who suffer from RSI complain of weakness of the affected muscles, heaviness, pins and needles magician and numbness.In this hazard, miners are expected to have protective masks that cou ld keep them from inhaling coal dust. Without the masks, this makes them very much vulnerable, primarily, to respiratory diseases and to other health -related illnesses. Presence of openings within the mines should also be considered for them to be able to breathe normally as possible.According to an article posted on www.greatmining.com, Coal dust settles like pollen over the touch areas. As what we ha ve discussed o n our Environmental Health class this s ummer, coal dust measures above 100m. Thus, it could only irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and throat but not going further . Yet, considering that there is an occurence of anthracosis, which is detect ed primarily in the lungs. There is a contradiction between this standard measurement and association and the chemical effect of the inhalation of coal dust.According to a study conducted by Sapko,M. J, et. al, Particle size can vary both within and between mines, since size is underage on several factors such as mine type (i.e., longwall or continuous miner, along with sculpture speed and depth) and coal seam type. In addition to total incombustible content and methane concentration, the coal dust particle size should be considered as an essential part of the explosibility assessment strategy in underground coal mines.Coal mining creates several billion gallons of coal slurry, which contains extremely high levels of mercury, cadmium, and nickel. Although lauded by mining companies that this is a safer, more efficient way to produce coal, this type of strip mining has evoked strong protests from environmentalists and people who reside near coal mining areas. Coal mining work can be extremely dangerous, a s the numerous occupational hazards can cause critical injuries or even death. Since coal is also a necessity in our day to day lives, there is no way to be able to totally terminate or stop the oper ations of coal mining. All we could do is to minimize the risks that could threaten us if we are to put up or be involved in coal mining.ReferencesAhern M . e t. al. (2011) . The association between mountaintop mining and birth defects among live births in ce ntral Appalachia, 19962003. E nvironmental Research mess 111, Issue 6, Pp 838846Attfield MD, Wagner GR 1992. A report on a workshop on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health B Reader certification program. J Occup Med 34875Colina N P (2006). Briefing on Mining in the Philippines and the effects on Occupational Health and Safety of Mine Workers Conference on Coal Mining . IOHSAD Renmin University, Beijing, PROCDisadvantages of Coal Energy- Biggest Contributor to Global warm up is Co als Biggest Drawback (2011). G reen World Investor . Retrived fromhttp//www.greenworldinvestor.com/2011/04/09/disadvantages-of -coal -energybiggest-contributor-to -global -warming-is-coals-biggest-drawback/ Economic fixs of Mo untaintop Removal (2012). Appalachian Voices. Retrieved from http//appvoices.org/end- mountaintop -removal/economy/Falk H L& J urgelski W,Jr (1979) . Health effects of coal mining and combustion carcinogens and cofactors.Environ Health Perspect 33 203226. hamburger T (2010). Pressure builds against mountaintop coal mining. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from http//articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/08/nation/la na-coal8 2010jan08 Hendryx M . & A hern M. (2008). Relations between Health Indicators and Residential Proximity to Coal Mining in West Vi rginia. Public Health12 The Hazards of Coal and Coal Mining to Human HealthHendryx, M Ahern M. (2009) . Mortality in Appalachian Coal Mining Regions The Value of Statistical Life Lost. Association of Schools of Public Health Public Health Reports Volume 124.Johnson, S.W. et al. (1997), Effects of Submarine Mine Tailings Disposal on Juvenile Yellowfin Sole (Pleuronectes asper) A science lab Study, Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. 36Love R.G, Mill er B .G., et . al. (1997). Respiratory Health Effects Of Opencast Coalmining A Cross Sectional Study Of Current Workers. Occupational Environmental Medicine.54(9) 696.Mason, R.P. (1997), Mining flub Impacts on Stream Ecology, In C.D. Da Rosa (ed), Golden Dreams, Poisoned Streams, How Reckless Mining Pollutes Americas Waters and How We Can Stop It .Washington, DC Mineral Policy Center. Miranda, M. A. Blanco-Uribe Q., L. Hernndez, J. Ochoa G., E. Yerena (1998), All That Glitters is Not Gold balance Conservation and Development in Venezuelas Frontier Forests, World Resources Institute Washington, DC. Ripley, E.A. et al. (1996), Environmental Effects of Mining. Delray Beach, Florida S t. Lucie Press.Roenker J.M. (2001). The Economic Impact of Coal in Appalachian Kentucky. Center for Business and Economic Research.Sapire R. (2012).Engulfed in a Toxic Cloud The Effects of Coal Mining On Human Health. Harvard College Global Health Review. Retrieved from http//www.hcs.harvard.edu/hghr/201 2/02/01/engulfed -in-a- toxic-cloud- the -effectsof-coal- mining-on- human- health/ Sideri, S. and S. Johns (eds) (1990), Mining for Development in the Third World Multinational Corporations, State Enterprises and the International Economy. New York Pergamon Press.The Disadvantages of Coal (2012). Fossil Fuel Resources. Retrieved from http//fossilfuel.co.uk/coal/the-disadvantages-of -coal Uses of Coal (2012) . World Coal Association. Retrieved from http//www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses -of-coal/Yeboah J.Y (2008). E nvironmental And Health Impact Of Mining On Surrounding Communities A Case Study of Anglogold Ashanti In Obuasi. Kwame Nkrumah13 The Hazards of Coal and Coal Mining to Human HealthUniversity Of Science And Technology Department Of Geography And Rural Development .Younger P L (2004). Environmental impacts of coal mining and associated wastes a geochemical perspective . The Geological Society of capital of the United Kingdom

A report on measures to reverse the Declining sales output of companiy product

The purpose of this report is to analyze the reasons for the falling demand of the companys product by consumers to give explanations of our understanding of the problems and recommend effective intervention strategies that will bring straightaway increase in the sale of the products to improve revenue for the company.The scope of the report also covers proferring solutions to organizational lapses, administrative bottlenecks and structural defects that will make our strategic interventions more effective.This report is segmented into three parts the offshoot part throws light on the poor administrative style and inefficient policies, and how they have helped to undermine concord in the operations of the various departments, which consequently led to the decline of product sales.How unrealistic staff benefits and moneymaking(a) package led to loss of morale and mass resignation of key departmental managers, among other subscript industrial practice that brought untold challenges that destabilize the financial fortune of the company.The second part is a lucubrate illustration of the intervention strategies, new policies, principles and organizational restructuring that shall be used to bring a reversal of the downturn of the companys fortune. We shall explain how we arrived at such measures, and their efficacy in solving and resolving the legion(predicate) challenges facing the establishment.The third and final part analyses the internal organizational history, the politics of its operations, as well a weak decision making procedures, and how they have contributed to the companys weakness and present problems. We shall give solutions on how these problems should be addressed, without which no intervention measures will be effective.

Baby Development

This paper provides an in-depth look at the findings of an Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) with a toddlers parents in combination with an intricate mirror image of the same claw. Throughout the course of this paper, it is interesting for the reader to compare and contrast the strong Chinese shade at play within this family to that of their deliver heritage. The observation of the child was naturalistic meaning there was no contact or attempt to alter the activities by the observer and it lasted thirty-minutes with each minutes findings remark separately on the enclosed t sufficient.The AAI consisted of eighteen questions which are intended to provide a sense of accord of the parents have it away with their own mystify and overprotect while when used with the observation of the child can help to offer a clearer picture of their parenting. There are tether definitions of each, parents and children, which can be used to categorize them. These include for the child secure, ri sky-ambivalent, and insecure-avoidant and for heavy(a)s secure-autonomous, dismissing, and preoccupied.The supporting statements that categorize each of these definitions have been anxietyfully considered in determining which rightfully defines the parents and child in this particular case. Commentary Section During the thirty-minutes that the babe, Kevin, was macrocosm naturalistic entirelyy observed in his parents home, a vast legal age of his activity revolved close to self-stimulation with toy cars with very little interaction with his scram who was also present.Of the three categorizations for an infantsecure, insecure-ambivalent, and insecure-avoidantI would have to say, based on the short core of time spent with him, that Kevin showed more(prenominal) signs of being a secure child. This conclusion comes from monitoring his activity and interactivity with his sustain in combination with things that were said and his mannerisms. The observation began with Kevins dri ve introducing three toy cars of differing sizes making the immature boy incredibly excited.She obviously brought the toys in order to make the child happy, which shows that she is caring. Kevin was un equal to(p) to verbally give clearly. However, the noises that he did make seemed to be joyful and very animated, mostly ya, ya. Initially, Kevin showed slight hesitation in his mightiness to play with the toy car and his mother, upon instantly recognizing this, got up from the sofa and selected a car to demonstrate to him a fun way to use the toy.In doing so, to further substantiate my feeling that he is a secure child, he made no fuss at her grabbing a toy and was perfectly happy with her showing him what to do. any(prenominal) children in this situation may have thrown a tantrum feeling insecure as though the parent was going to take the toys away or control the activity in roughly way. About fifteen minutes or so into the observation Kevin begins knocking on the floor with the cars. His mother informs him of the elderly lady living below the apartment and how she does non like when he makes such bodacious noises.Ignoring the lengthy explanation he continues to knock out of wishing of comprehension. His mother stands and once Kevin sees that her facial spirit is adept of displeasure he immediately stops knocking as the visual is something that he is able to recognize. As if the child is checking to see whether or not his mother is terribly upset, he goes to her clutching all three of the toy cars against his chest and says ma, ma. She responds with a smile and a yes, honey? He instantly giggles as he realizes that he is not in trouble precisely was merely scorned for his action at the time. comprehend as how he went to his mother right after the minor incident shows me that he is comfortable decent with her to do back to her immediately after she scolds him. Their relationship appears to be one of happiness and understanding for one anothers needs and wants. Kevins mother was born and raised in Xian, which is the jacket city of Shanxi province located in northwest China.When she was younger, she explains that both of her parents worked full-time, her mother as an accountant and her father for the Chinese government. She was not the only child she also had a sister who is two long time her junior. She gradational from the Xian Institute of Foreign Language and came to the United States to attain her MBA when she was twenty-three years old. She describes her parents as being extremely busy throughout most of her childhood as remote back as she is able to remember, notwithstanding she does not see it as being a problem with their relationship.She describes her mother as the var. of person she would like Kevin to think of her as when he is older intimate, warm, casual, relaxing, and caring. Every free minute that she had operable was spent with her and her sister. Based upon the way that Kevin has responded to his moth ers discipline throughout the course of the observation, it seems as though he does not suffer from what psychologist Kagan refers to as behavioral inhibition, which often leads to anxiety in later years.In his research, he has acknowledged the fact that per attachment theory, an infant, in this case Kevin, will become bonded to his mother or whoever provides care to him on a daily basis within the first year. It is, though, the unmarried differences in the secure versus insecure quality of attachments that have been observed, resulting from differences in the caregivers availability and responsiveness to the infant and the degree of reciprocity between the infant and the caregiver (Shamir-Essakow, Ungerer, and Rapee, 2005).Kevins mother has vowed to take traumatizing experiences of her past and avoid putting her child through them so that he can develop into a more secure toddler and eventually adult. One of the questions asked of Kevins mother during the Adult Attachment Intervie w (AAI) was about a time that she remembers being separated from her mother, whom she state she was closest to growing up. She told me of a time when her mother went away for business when she was almost seven years old.She and her sister waited outside everyday while their mother was away, hoping that she would return soon. Finally, when she did come back she cooked a boastful meal for the entire family as a way to make up for her absence. Seeing as how this is something that left a lasting exposure on her, it seems that she displayed some separation anxiety while her mother was away, but since her mother returned rather than abandoning her it is highly likely that any future trips caused her and her sister far less stress.Knowing how her mother leaving negatively affected her and her sister at such a young age it is believably unlikely that she will accept any requests for leaving Kevin for an extended period of time, at least until he is old enough to understand that she wil l be coming home. Although he does seem secure overall, he did show great affection toward his mother and it is apparent that she would be greatly missed should she leave. As far as her disciplinarian responsibilities with Kevin, she takes cues from her parents. In the interview, she stated that her parents were never threatening whether it was in a joking or serious manner.Yet, she mentioned that her confidence and self-esteem levels are lower than she would like and attributes that aspect of her adult life to the lack of compliments and praise received by her parents as a child. During my observation, when Kevin repeatedly knocked the cars onto the floor, his mother was stern but not condescending or threatening whatsoever. She simply gave him a look to let him know that she was not happy with his present behavior and he stopped out of an obvious subconscious respect for his mothers wishes.This is an insecurity that she had as a child that she is trying not to pass down to Kevin. By communicating with him and interacting with him she is definitely not displaying characteristics of a parent who would be considered preoccupied or dismissing. In Mahlers object-relational theory of child separation-individuation, he explored this sort of relationship between parents and their children and looked further down the road to emit the affects it would have on them in adolescence.From his work on the subject, others have determined that it is ultimately the way that an individual is able to learn how to agreement closeness and distance in interpersonal relationships appears to have implications for a troops of adjustment and psychosocial outcomes, including self-esteem, quality of family relationships, success in peer relationships, and level of depression and anxiety (Holmbeck and Leake, 1999). These are all aspects of developmental life that can be either negatively or positively affected at early stages in Kevins life should his mother do too much to avoid a natu ral separation.It is difficult to balance and control actions in parenting so that a child grows up to be an independent, self-sufficient adult who is able to recognize and pass on similar traits to their children and so on. There is no doubt that a parent who is constantly dismissing their child or is clearly preoccupied a majority of the time will have negative effects on their child at some imply later on in their life. This can be seen in the way that Kevins mothers parents dealt with her in certain situations. Granted, after returning from the business trip she made up for her absence in the eyes of her children, an underlying cut was mayhap made.Furthermore, the lack of compliments and praise has obviously made an impression on her into adulthood. Young people are very perceptive, much more than adults give them credit for. though their actions may not reveal the hurt and slight damage that is being caused, in the long run it may be apparent and those actions blamed after-the -fact. Kevins mother has taken these deficiencies and altered them to suit her desires as a parent. Based on her experiences, she has come to realize that her child needs as much physiological contact as possible including kissing, hugging, and just being held.However, the difficulty comes in balance, if Kevin is coddled too much it may also negatively affect him later in life making him into an extremely dependent adult who constantly craves attention and lacks the self-sufficiency to handle grown up problems on his own. However, praise comes with little consequences as long as discipline is fairly and consistently provided. She has come to realize that praising Kevin on a regular basis when he does things that she would like to see him doing leads him to continually act in such a manner in the future.In the interview she mentioned how overprotection has affected her and vows to allow Kevin to be exposed to the realities of the world around him to better prepare him for life on hi s own, which is ultimately what parenting is all about. Overall, this project was an extremely beneficial experience for me. It helped me to learn how insecure parents can sometimes raise an insecure child who becomes a far more secure and autonomous parent raising a secure child based on their own experiences growing up in combination with their cultural background.This is revealed as truth in research genuine by Ainsworth that found that maternal behavior toward the infant is the critical determinant of infant attachment (Lowinger, Dimitrovsky, Strauss, and Mogilner, 1995). When he grows up, he will have a much more positive relationship with his mother than perhaps his mother has with her own. The future appears to be bright for little Kevin who has seemingly found a healthy balance between freedom and dependency.